Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
The atom - Coggle Diagram
The atom
The History of the Atom
-
John Dalton- atomic theory atoms are all made up of same element, indivisible, all matter made up of tiny particles
William Crooke-cathoed ray tube expierment malteese cross and paddle wheel... discovered cathoed rays travel in straight line and produce a glow
J.J Thomson-using metal plates discovered cathode rays were negatively charged. He discovered... the electron negatively charged ... (e/m) ... plum pudding model
Rutherford - gold foil experiment (bombarded gold with alpha particles ) his real vs predicted results. discovered proton
-
Bohr's theory
electron revolve around nucleus in fixed paths called orbits e.g energy levels. n=1, n=2 etc. Energy levels are quantized ie. they have a fixed energy amount depending on orbit level that a limited number of electrons can occupy
-
-
electrons unstable and fall back down releasing energy...of a light of a definite frequency. E2-E1=hf
-
-
Electronic Configuration
-
s.. hold 2 electrons, p ... holds 6 electrons, d .. holds 10 eletrons (Sub level)
Exceptions Cr chromium..1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,4s, 3d5
Exceptions Cu copper 1s2 2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,4s,3d10
P has 3 orbital px,py,pz all have the same energy level. Hunds Rule states when two or more orbitals of same energy level are available the electrons occupy then singly before filling them in pairs. pauli exclusion principle states when two or more electrons occupy an orbital they must have opposite spin
Isotopes
Definition atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but a different mass number due to a different amount of neutrons e.g carbon 14 carbon 12
-
Therefore .. Relative Atomic Mass is the average mass number of the isotopes as they occur in nature taking their abundances into account
Mass Spectrometer are used to identify presence of isotopes, measure relative abundance of isotopes.s
Stages of mass spectrometer 1. vaporization. 2. ionization. 3. acceleration 4. separation in a magnetic field 5. detection
Principle of Mass Spectrometry is that charged particles moving in a magnetic field are deflected to differently according to their masses
-
