Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Skeletal System (Kaylyn Ganiron p.5) - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System (Kaylyn Ganiron p.5)
Types of Bones
sesamoid (round) bone: small, nodular bones that develop within a tendon
flat bone: plate-like shape with broad surface
short bone: almost equal in length and width
irregular bone: varied shape
long bone: long with expanded ends
Bone remodeling
Casts: hold the broken piece(s) of bone(s) together to support and protect while also reducing pain, swelling, and muscle spasms
Screws: keep the fracture from shortening or rotating and also hold the fracture in place until healed
Plates: hold the broken pieces of bone together and takes 6 to 8 wees typically to heal
Rods: screws at each end pf the rod are used to keep the fracture from shortening or rotating
Wires: tends to loosen over time as the metal slowly migrates through the bone (very common)
Nails: act as an internal splint to allow fracture alignment and healing (commonly used for long bone fractures)
Bone fracture repair
greenstick: caused by the bending of the bone
fissured: caused by the breaking of a part
pathologic fracture: caused by disease(s) rather than injury
comminuted: caused by a high-impact injury to the bone such as a fall, accident, or other trauma
spontaneous: most commonly caused by osteoporosis
transverse: caused when a bone breaks at a 90-degree angle to the long axis of the bone
traumatic: caused by falls, car accidents, fights, etc.
oblique: caused when a sharp blow that comes from an angle due to a fall or other trauma
spiral fracture: caused by skiing, snow boarding, etc.
Joints
Cartilaginous
connected by either hyaline or fibrocartilage
slightly movable (ex. pubic symphysis)
Synovial
diarthrotic = allow free movement
ball-and-socket: globular or egg shaped w/ cup shaped cavity (ex. the shoulder and hip joints)
condylar: back and forth & side to side movements within 2 planes but not rotation (ex. joints between metacarpals and phalanges)
plane: nearly flat or slightly curved, sliding or twisting movement (ex. joints in wrist and ankle)
hinge: convex surface of a bone fits a concave surface of another & allows movement in 1 plane (ex. hinge of a door)
pivot: cylindrical surface rotates within a ring of bone and ligament & allows only rotation around central axis (ex. joints between the dens if the axis and the atlas)
saddle: variety of movements, mostly in 2 planes (ex. joint between the trapezium carpal and metacarpal of the thumb)
Fibrous
composed of dense connective tissue
most are immovable (ex. sutures of the skull)
a few are slightly movable
Movements allowed by Synovial joints
Ball-and-Socket (Spheroidal): globular or egg shaped head articulating w/ the cup shaped cavity of another bone
Condylar (Ellipsoidal): back and forth & side to side movements within 2 planes but not rotation
Plane (Gliding): nearly flat or slightly curved, allows a sliding or twisting movement
Hinge: convex surface of a bone fits a concave surface of another, allows movement in 1 plane
Pivot (Trochoid): cylindrical surface rotates within a ring of bone and ligament, allows only rotation around central axis
Saddle (Sellar): variety of movements, mostly in 2 planes
Terms to know
Fibrocartilage: fills gaps between the ends of the broken bones
Osteoclasts: aiding in "cleaning up" debris
Hematoma: blood clot
Compound (open) fracture: open wound or break in skin
Trunk: central part of the body
Immovable = synarthrotic
Slightly movable = amphiarthrotic
Freely movable = diarthrotic
Differences between male & female skeleton
Female
Pelvic girdle: hip bones are lighter, thinner and have less evidence of muscular attachments
Pelvic cavity: wider in all diameters and is shorter, roomier, and less funnel-shaped
Sacrum: wider
Coccyx: more movable
smoother skeleton
Pelvic inlet: open, circular
Pubic bones: wider sub-pubic angle where the two bones meet
Skull: smaller and not as bumpy
Eyes: more rounded
Torso: longer
Arms and legs: shorter
Male
Pelvic girdle: oval shape
Coccyx: less movable
Pelvic cavity: funnel-shaped
knobby skeleton
Pelvic inlet: narrower, heart-shaped
Pubic bones: narrower sub-pubic angle where the two bones meet
Skull: bigger and bumpier
Eyes: more square-shaped
Sacrum: longer, narrower, curved inward
Torso: shorter
Arms and legs: longer
Names of all bones (206 total)
Skull: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla, nasal, zygomatic, mandible, platine, inferior nasal concha, lacrimal, vomer, pterion, hyoid
Middle ear: hammer, anvil, stirrup, malleus, incus
Vertebral column: cervical spine- 7 vertebrae (C1–C7), thoracic spine- 12 vertebrae (T1–T12), lumbar spine 5 vertebrae (L1-L5), scrum 5 fused vertebrae (S1-S5), and Coccyx- tailbone
Thoracic cage: sternum, true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs, spine, costal cartilage, floating ribs
Pectoral girdle: clavicle, scapula
Upper limbs: carpal bones, metacarpal, phalanges, radius, humerus, ulna, proximal, distal, middle
Pelvic girdle: ilium, pubis, ischium, sacrum, coccyx, iliac crest, iliac spine, acetabulum, pubic arch, sacral promontory, pelvic brim, flared ilium, pubic symphysis
Lower limbs: femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Appendicular skeleton
upper limbs (60 bones)
pelvic girdle (2 bones)
pectoral girdle (4 bone)
lower limbs (60 bones)
Axial skeleton
hyoid (1 bone)
vertebral column (26 bones)
middle ear bones (6 bones)
thoracic cage (25 bones)
skull (22 bones)