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PHILOSOPHY, SCIENCE AND ART IN THE ANCIEN RÉGIME - Coggle Diagram

- - - - human reason is the only valid source of knowledge
  - - - maintained that knowledge could only come from sensory experience and from observation
  - - - significant scientific developments
  - - - could be acquired and tested by following these steps
        
        2· the establishment of a hypothesis
        
        3· the demonstration or refutation of the hypothesis
        
        1· observation and measurement
        
        4· the presentation of conclusions
    - - important advances in
        
        astronomy
        
        in 1609 Galileo Galilei
        
        used the telescope to prove the heliocentric theory
        
        the Sun is at the centre of the Solar System, and the Earth revolves around it
        
        physics
        
        in 1643 Evangelista Torricelli
        
        invented the barometer to measure atmospheric pressure
        
        In 1666 Isaac Newton
        
        used the scientific method to formulate the law of universal gravitation
        
        mathematics
        
        in 1642 Blaise Pascal
        
        invented the first mechanical calculator capable of adding and subtracting
        
        medicine and biology
        
        in 1674 Anton Leeuwenhoek
        
        perfected the microscope
        
        he used it to observe red blood cells and microorganisms for the first time
        
        he discovered the bacteria
- - - - used Baroque art to affirm their religious doctrine and political power
    - - Sculpture
        
        human figures were sculpted in dynamic poses, with very expressive faces
        
        Bernini's David
      - Architecture
        
        buildings often had oval floor plans and curved façades
        
        which created a more dynamic appearance
        
        the Church of St Charles at the Four Fountains in Rome
        
        designed by Borromini
      - Painting
        
        paintings were usually large and colourful
        
        In palaces
        
        they were often royal portraits or featured historical or mythological themes
        
        In churches
        
        They were usually depicted Christ, the Virgin Mary or the saints, as well as angels
        
        Caravaggio and Rubens
  - - - often portraits, still lifes or depictions of everyday situations
      - Rembrandt and Vermeer van Delft
    - - they rejected the worship of images
  - - - due to its outstanding works in art and literature
    - - the ornate style of Salamanca's Plaza Mayor is a particular highlight
    - - an important part of the Holy-Week processions
      - Significant works
        
        Christ lying by Gregorio Fernández
        
        Christ of mercy by Martínez Montañés
    - - usually depicted the same subjects as in other Catholic countries
      - Diego Velázquez and Bartolomé Esteban Murillo