Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Mutation - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Aneuploidy
        the second major category of chromosome mutations in which chromosome number is abnormal. An aneuploid is an individual organism whose chromosome number differs from the wild type by part of a chromosome set.
        
        Euploidy
        a chromosomal variation that involves the entire set of chromosomes in a cell or an organism.Other types of euploidy are autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy. In autopolyploidy, there is an additional set of chromosomes, which may be from a parent or identical parental species
    - - Duplication
        a type of mutation that involves the production of one or more copies of a gene or region of a chromosome. Gene and chromosome duplications occur in all organisms, though they are especially prominent among plants. Gene duplication is an important mechanism by which evolution occurs.
        
        Translocation
        a type of chromosomal abnormality in which a chromosome breaks and a portion of it reattaches to a different chromosome. Chromosomal translocations can be detected by analyzing karyotypes of the affected cells.
        
        Inversion
        If two breaks occur in one chromosome, sometimes the region between the breaks rotates 180 degrees before rejoining with the two end fragments. Such an event creates a chromosomal mutation called an inversion.
        
        Paracentric inversions result when two breaks in one chromosome arm rejoin after the excised piece has inverted. These rearrangements are commonly recorded in polytene chromosomes, where the presence of them is shown by the formation of a loop allowing the homologues to be closely paired
        
        A pericentric inversion occurs when a portion of one chromosome , or a packet of genetic information, is flipped so that the order of genetic information changes. Each chromosome has a portion near the middle called a centromere . Pericentric inversions include a chromosome's centromere.
        
        Deletion
        is a mutation (a genetic aberration) in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is left out during DNA replication. Any number of nucleotides can be deleted, from a single base to an entire piece of chromosome.
        
        A terminal deletion is the loss of the end of a chromosome. An interstitial deletion results after two breaks are induced if the terminal part.The effects of deletions depend on their size.
        
        An interstitial deletion results after two breaks are induced if the terminal part. The effects of deletions depend on their size. A small deletion within a gene, called an intragenic deletion, inactivates the gene and has the same effect as other null mutations of that gene.
- - - - Insertion
        a type of mutation involving the addition of genetic material. An insertion mutation can be small, involving a single extra DNA base pair, or large, involving a piece of a chromosome.
        
        Duplication
        In chromosomal duplications, extra copies of a chromosomal region are formed, resulting in different copy numbers of genes within that area of the chromosome.
        
        Base - pair substitution
        a type of mutation where one base pair is replaced by a different base pair. The term also refers to the replacement of one amino acid in a protein with a different amino acid.
        
        A transition is the replacement of one purine by the other or that of one pyrimidine by the other.
        
        Transversion substitution refers to a purine being replaced by a pyrimidine, or vice versa; for example, cytosine, a pyrimidine, is replaced by adenine, a purine. Mutations can also be the result of the addition of a base, known as an insertion, or the removal of a base, also known as deletion.
        
        A deletion
        occurs when a wrinkle forms on the DNA template strand and subsequently causes a nucleotide to be omitted from the replicated strand (Figure 3). Figure 3: In a deletion mutation, a wrinkle forms on the DNA template strand, which causes a nucleotide to be omitted from the replicated strand.
    - - Point mutation
        
        Missense
        A genetic alteration in which a single base pair substitution alters the genetic code in a way that produces an amino acid that is different from the usual amino acid at that position.
        
        Nonsense
        substitution of a single base pair that leads to the appearance of a stop codon where previously there was a codon specifying an amino acid. The presence of this premature stop codon results in the production of a shortened, and likely nonfunctional, protein.
        
        Silent
        is a form of mutation that does not cause a significant change in the amino acid. As a result, the protein is still functional. Because of this, the changes are regarded as though they are evolutionarily neutral.:
        
        Frameshift
        a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read. A DNA sequence is a chain of many smaller molecules called nucleotides.