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Human Reproductive System - Coggle Diagram
Human Reproductive System
Male reproductive system
Male sex glands
Mixes the sperms with the fluid produced by the male sex glands to form
semen
The fluids produced by the male sex glands contain
nutrients
and
enzymes
to
produce the sperms with the energy
to swim
Testis(plural: testes)
Produce
male sex hormones
and
sperms
Penis
Deposits semen in the vagina of a female during sexual intercourse
Urethra
A tube that carries semen and urine out of the body separately
Scrotum
A sac that holds the testes outside of the main body
Sperm duct
A tube that carries
sperms
from the
testis
to the
male sex glands
Sperm
The male reproductive cell
Swims to reach the ovum in the oviduct to fertilise it
Has a tail
Nucleus found in its head
Female reproductive system
Cervix
Widens to allow the baby to pass through during childbirth
A ring of muscle found at the lower end of the uterus
Uterus
Uterine lining grows on the inner surface of the uterus
Pear-shaped organ with muscular walls
Vagina
Semen is deposited into the vagina during sexual intercourse
Joins the cervix to the outside of the body
A muscular tube
Oviduct/fallopian tube
The muscular wall of the oviduct contracts and relaxes to push the ovum/egg to the uterus
A musular tube that connects the ovary the uterus
Ovum/egg
Ovum/egg is the female reproductive cell
Ovary
Produces ova (singular: ovum) and female sex hormones
Puberty
Puberty
is a
period of rapid growth
in a young person when the reproductive organs become fully developed and are capable of producing
sex hormones
(e.g. testosterone and oestrogen) and
reproductive cells
(e.g. sperms and ova)
Period of growth
Puberty usually begins for
Boys at age of 12-14
Girls at age of 10-12
Physical changes in boy and girls
Similarities
Growth in pubic hair
Sweat more and develop more pimples
Rapid increase in height
Differences
Boys
Testes produce sperms and male sex hormones
Shoulders become wider
Penis enlarges
Voice box becomes larger and voice deepens
Hair growth on the face and pubic areas such as the armpits
Girls
Breasts enlarge
Ovaries release matured eggs and produced female sex hormones
Hair growth on the pubic areas such as the armpits
Hips become rounder and wider
Process of fertilisation
If a sperms meets an ovum in the oviduct,
fertilisation
takes place. During fertilisation, the nucleus of a sperm fuses with the nucleus of an ovum and a fertilised egg is formed. A fertilised egg is known as a
zygote
The oviduct moves the fertilised egg towards the uterus using rhythmic muscular contraction and relaxation.At the uterus, the fertilised egg implants itself into the uterine lining
Sperms swim upwards along the uterus to reach the oviducts
The
placenta
(formed from the tissues of the embryo) supplies the necessary nutrients and oxygen through the
umbilical cord
to the embryo
The penis is inserted into the vagina during
sexual intercourse
, and semen is deposited into the vagina
As the embryo develops further, it becomes a
foetus
(unborn baby). After a period of about
nine months
(starting from the implantation of the embryo), the foetus is fully developed and is ready to be delivered. During the process of giving birth, the baby is pushed out of the mother's body through a series of contraction and relaxation of the muscles of the uterus
Menstrual cycle
Day 1 to day 5
The uterine lining and the egg breaks down if no fertilisation has taken place
The process of discharging the broken down uterine lining, unfertilised egg and blood is known as menstruation
Day 6 to day 10
The
uterine lining grows thicker
and becomes rich in blood capillaries. This is to prepare for implantation of a fertilised egg
The mentsrual cycle usually lasts for
28days
Day 11 to day 16
Ovulation
usually occurs on day 14. Ovulation is the process where a mature egg is released from the ovary into the oviduct
Day 11 to day 16 is the
fertile period
. If any sexual intercourse takes place, within the fertile period, there is a high chance of becoming pregnant.
The menstrual cycle consists of three main processes -
thickening of uterine lining, ovulation
and
menstruation
Day 17 to day 28
The uterine lining continues to be thickened
The menstrual cycle repeats again if no fertilisation takes place.
Heredity
The total number of chromosomes in a human is 46
Reproductive cellls, sperms and ova, each contain 23 chromosomes in their nucleus
During fertilisation, the nucleus of a sperm fuses with the nucleus of an ovum. As a result of the fertilisation, a zygote with (23+23=) 46 chromosomes is formed
The zygote, eventually, develops into a foetus and then a child. The child will inherit some of his/her parents' characteristics
Heredity
is the process of passing down of
genes
from one generation to the next. The genes are found in a larger structure called
chromosomes
Premartial sex
Premartial sex
refers to sexual intercourse before a couple is married
Consequences of premartial sex
Sexually transmitted infections (STI)
Premartial sex may lead to the spread of STIs from an infected person to his/her sexual partner
Unwanted pregnancies
An unmarried couple might not be emotionally prepared and/or have sufficient money to raise a child
Examples of STIs include syphilis and gonorrhoea
Abortion
Abortion is normally carried out during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy
Reasons for abortion
The mother's health may be in danger if the pregnancy is continued
The child may be born with physical or mental handicap
The pregnancy is due to a forced sexual intercourse (rape) and the mother chooses not to have the baby
The couple does not have sufficient money to raise a child
Abortion
refers to the ending of a pregnancy through the removal of the embryo or the foetus from the uterus
Consequences of an abortion
Abortions can lead to a huge loss in blood if the surgical instruments accidentally pierce through parts of female reproductive system. This could lead to the death of the mother
The mother is likely to feel guilty for aborting the child and may develop depression in future
Abortion can lead to an infection of the female reproductive system. A serious infection may affect the woman's ability to reproduce again
Birth control methods
Temporary birth control methods
Birth control methods can be
temporary
or
permanent
For temporary birth control methods, there are
natural
and
artifical methods
Birth control method
Natural method
Abstinence
Abstinence is
avoiding sexual intercourse at all times
Rhythm method
The rhythm method is a neutral method for birth control. Couples, who use the rhythm method,
avoid having sexual intercourse during the fertile period
(day 11 to day 16)
Artificial methods
Spermicides
Spermicide is a substance that kills sperms. Therfore, it prevents the fertilisation of an egg. Spermicides can come in gels, aerosol foams and foaming tablets
Spermicides are usually used together with a condom or a diaphragm
Contraceptive pills
A contraceptive pill contains female sex hormones that prevent ovulation
Women take contraceptive pills may experience some side effects
Diaphragm
A diaphragm is a
dome-shaped rubber cap
that is inserted into the vagina and covering the cervix
The diaphragm prevents sperms from reaching eggs
Intra-uterine Device (IUD)
An intra-uterine device (IUD) is
a piece of plastic or metal that is inserted into the uterus
to
prevent
any fertilised egg from
implanting in the uterine wall
The IUD has to be
inserted by a doctor
Condom
Bacteria and viruses are also unable to pass through the condom. Therefore, a condom reduces the chances of contracting
sexually transmitted infections
(STI)
The condom, if properly worn,
prevents sperms from being deposited into the vagina
A condom is a
thin rubber tube
used to cover the erect penis before sexual intercourse
Permanent birth control methods
Both vasectomy and ligation work by preventing the egg from being fertilised
Vasectomy
Both
sperm ducts are cut and tied
to prevent sperms from being released through the penis
Vasectomy
is a surgical procedure to sterilise a male
Permanent birth control methods use surgical procedure to sterilise a person.A sterilised person is permanently unable to reproduce. Therefore, couples should consider very carefully before using permanent birth control methods
Ligation
Ligation
is a surgical procedure to sterilise a female
Both
oviducts are cut and tied
. This prevents the sperms from reaching the egg in the oviduct
Sexually transmitted infections
Gonorrhoea
Gonorrhoea
is a STI that is also caused by a type of
bacteria
The infected person would have
greenish yellow or whitish discharge
from the penis or vagina and
experience burning sensation while urinating
. In serious cases, the person might become unable to reproduce
Gornorrhoea can be transmitted from a mother to her baby during birth. The baby may become blind if the baby's eyes are infectefd with the bacteria that causes gonorrhoea
Gonorrhoea can be
cured using antibiotics
AIDS
AIDS is a STI caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
The infected person will
lose
his/her
immunity against common infections
. At the final stage of AIDS, the infected person will suffer huge loss in weight, lung and brain infections and eventually die from common infections
AIDS may be transmitted from a mother to her unborn baby
AIDS is an incurable STI
Syphilis
The infected person can become blind or disabled in some parts of the body. In serious cases, syphilis can lead to death
Syphilis can be transmitted from a mother to her unborn baby
Syphilis
is a STI causd by a type of
bacteria
Syphilis can be
cured using antibiotics
Preventing the spread of STIs
Use condoms while having sexual intercourses
Avoid sharing needles and shaving blades with other people
Avoid having different sexual partners
Screen/check donated blood for STIs before using it for blood transfusion to patients
Sexually transmitted infections
(STIs) are infections spread through sexual intercourse
Examples of STIs are syphilis, gonorrhoea and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)