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Applications of DNA Technology - Coggle Diagram
Applications of DNA Technology
Medical applications
Gene splicing
takes gene from one organism and adds them to the genes of another organism. Geneticists use chemicals to cut out the part of the gene that is to be transferred. It is then combined with the plasmid. The DNA from another organism is inserted, or spliced, into the plasmid.
Gene Therapy
Gene Therapy in clinical practice
Gene therapy trial in cystic fibrosis patients
Patient would only receive new genes in the cell type that needs correction. Other cell types, including the germ-line cells that produce sperm and egg cells, would be left alone.
Challenges of using gene therapy
The new gene must be delivered directly to only those cells that express the faulty allele
The viruses must not trigger an immune reaction
The new DNA must not induce mutations that cause cancer
The gene therapy patient must express the new genes long enough for his or her health to improve
Pharming
lso known as bio-pharming, is the insertion of genes into organisms such as animals, plants, or bacteria that causes the organisms to create pharmaceutical products in a large scale
Environmental cleanup
Many bacteria can extract heavy metals, such as copper, lead, and nickel, from their environments and incorporate the metals into compounds such as copper sulfate or lead sulfate, which are readily recoverable
Genetically engineered microorganisms may become important in both mining (especially as ore reserves are depleted) and cleaning up highly toxic mining wastes. Biotechnologists are also trying to engineer microorganisms that can degrade chlorinated hydrocarbons and other harmful compounds. These microorganisms could be used in wastewater treatment plants or by manufacturers before the compounds are ever released into the environment.
Agricultural applications
Cloning technique
GMO
Bt corn
Resist insect pests or tolerate herbicides. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn is a GMO corn that produces proteins that are toxic to certain insect pests but not to humans, pets, livestock, or other animals.
Golden rice
Golden rice is a variety of Oryza sativa rice produced through genetic engineering to bio synthesise β-carotene, a precursor of vitamin
Forensic evidence and genetic profiles
Blood, semen or traces of other tissues may be left at the scene of a crime or on the clothes or other possessions of the victim or assailant
If enough tissue is available, forensic laboratories can determine blood type or tissue type by using antibodies for specific cell surface proteins.
DNA testing can identify the guilty individual with a much higher degree of certainty, because the DNA sequence of every person is unique (except for identical twins)