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Mutation - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Interstitial
        
        It is caused by two breaks and reunion of terminal parts leaving the middle
      - Terminal
        
        Single break in any one end of the chromosome
    - - Paracentric
        
        An inversion which takes place apart from the centromere
      - Pericentric
        
        An inversion that includes the centromere
    - - Tandem
        
        The duplicated segment is located immediately after the normal segment of the chromosome in the same order.
      - Reversed tandem
        
        The duplicated segment is located immediately after the normal segment but the gene sequence order will be reversed.
      - Displaced tandem
        
        The duplicated segment is located in the same chromosome, but away from the normal segment.
    - - Homozygous
        
        Both the chromosomes of two pairs are involved in translocation. Two homologous of each translocated chromosomes are identical
      - Heterozygous
        
        Only one of the chromosome from each pair of two homologous are involved in translocation, while the remaining chromosome is normal.
- - - - arrangement of the same order of nucleotides repeated more than once in the same chromosome
    - - Transition
        
        Changes a purine nucleotide to another purine or pyrimidine to another pyrimidine
      - Transversion
        
        Single purine changed to pyrimidine or vice versa
  - - - The new codon is a stop codon (UAA) due to transition mutation, it leads to premature termination translation
      - Effects depends on how close the new stop codon is to the beginning of the coding sequence
    - - the result of deletion or insertion of nucleotides less than three. Frameshift mutations change the reading frame. Also calleda framing error,a reading frame shift, orindel mutation.All of the codons downstream from the insertion/deletion site are changed.
    - - The new codon encodes a different amino acid due to transition mutation/change of a single nucleotide that results in a codon for a different amino acid
      - A range of effects depending on the location within the protein and the identity of the new amino acid
    - - The new codon encodes the same amino acid after transition mutation
      - No effect on the amino acid sequence