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Biomes and ecological successions - Coggle Diagram

- - - - rainfall is relatively, about 200-400 cm annually
    - - averaging 25-29 ํC with a little seasonal variation
    - - broadleaf evergreen trees are dominant
      - Epiphytes cover tropical forest trees
      - Thorny shrubs and succulent plant
    - - millions of species including an estimated 5-30 million still undescribed species of insects, spiders, and other arthropods
    - - being cut down and converted to farmland, urban area, and other types of land use
  - - - generally less than 30 cm per year
    - - maximum air temperature in hot desert may exceed 50 ํC
      - in cold deserts air temperature may fall below -30 ํC
    - - majorly bare ground
      - succulents, deeply rooted shrubs, and moist periods
    - - many species are nocturnal
      - water conservation is a common adaptation
    - - urbanisation and conservation to irrigated agriculture
      - a settlement of substantial populations
  - - - averages 30-50 cm per year
    - - warm year around 24-29 ํC
    - - fire-adapted and tolerant of seasonal drought
      - Grasses and small non-woody plants
    - - Large plant-eating mammals
      - grazing mammal can be seen during seasonal droughts
    - - overly frequent fires
      - cattle ranching
      - Overhunting
  - - - highly seasonal, with rainy winters and dry summers
    - - fall, winter, and spring are cool, with average temperatures 10-12 ํC
      - average summer temperature can reach 30 ํC
    - - some of the shrubs produce seeds
      - adaptation to drought and fire
    - - native mammals include browser that feed on twigs and buds of woody vegetation
    - - heavily settled and reduced through conversion to agriculture and urbanisation
  - - - periodic drought is common
    - - winter is cold with average temperatures below -10 ํC
    - - dominant plants are grasses and forbs
    - - native mammals include large grazers
    - - has been converted to farmland due to deep fertile soils
  - - - generally ranges from 30 to 70 cm
    - - some areas of coniferous forest typically range in temperature from -50 ํC
    - - dominated by cone-bearing trees
      - needle- or scale-like leaves reduce water loss
    - - migratory birds
      - diverse mammals species
    - - have not been heavily settles by human populations
  - - - average from about 70 to over 200 cm
    - - winter temperature average 0 ํC
    - - distinct vertical layers
        
        closed canopy, shrub layer and herb layer
    - - many mammals hibernate in winter
      - many bird species migrate to warmer climates
    - - logging and land clearing for agriculture and urban development
  - - - averages in some areas below -30 ํC
      - summer temperatures average less than 10 ํC
    - - from 20 to 60 cm
    - - mostly herbaceous, consisting of a mixture of mosses, grasses, and forbs
    - - large grazing musk oxen are resident
      - caribou and reindeer are migratory
    - - sparsely settled
- - - - nutrient-poor
      - oxygen-rich
    - - nutrient-rich
      - depleted of oxygen
  - - - develop in shallow basins
    - - occur along the coast of large lake and seas
    - - develop along shallow and periodically flood banks of river and streams
  - - - Fringing reef
        
        form around the land mass, on a young, high island
      - Barrier reef
        
        parallel to the shore but is separated by a channel of water