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Geography - Coggle Diagram

- - - - band of hard and soft rock eroded at different rates- different erosion
      - Process at work: hydraulic action, abrasion, solution, compressed air.
      - hard rock stands out as headland and soft rock retreats inland to form bays
      - Wave refraction occurs as bays retreat so headland receive more high energy waves.
    - - waves attack weak areas of exposed rock
      - cave cut into base of cliffs by abrasion
      - Cave extends through to other side of the headland forming an arch
      - Erosion and gravity cause roof of cave to collapse forming a stack
      - continues erosion creates a sea stump
    - - Destructive waves attack coast
      - notch carved out and enlarged
      - Upper slope unsupported / undermining occurs
      - Due to erosion, weathering and gravity, slope collapses forming a steep face.
      - Cliff retreats and increases in height
      - Rock left at base of retreating cliff is a wave cut platform
      - THe bigger the platform the less rate of erosion
  - - - coastal landforms that are formed due to the deposition of the sediments along the longshore drift
      - long stretch of beach that juts out into the water and is connected to the mainland
      - Longshore drift occurs when the prevailing wind blows at an angle to the shoreline
      - spits rise above sea level across the bay's entrance
      - caused by wave refraction, which causes the spit to curve inwards towards the bay
    - - formed by deposition
      - buried or partially exposed ridge of sand or coarse material formed by waves offshore from a beach.
      - reated by the deposition of sand, silt, and other sedimentary particles
      - might be partially submerged or totally submerged
      - forms between high and low water marks
      - include sandy area/ shingle area
    - - landform formed by deposition
      - short strip of land composed of sand or gravel that links an island to the mainland or another island
      - Spit links the mainland shore to an island
      - created by the deposition of debris along the shore
      - Longshore drift is a natural phenomenon that transports debris down the shoreline
      - wave refraction at island causes currents to converge / deposit load
- - - - Advantages
        
        Absorb wave energy
        
        effective means of preventing erosion
        
        promenade can be built behind sea walls for tourists to walk along.
      - DIsadvantages
        
        Expensive
        
        reflected waves often scour the base, undermining the wall(may eventually collapse)
    - - Advantages
        
        Relatively cheap
        
        uses natural material
      - Disadvantages
        
        environmentally ugly
        
        can be undermined and removed by waves due to washing away of sand and shingle beneath
    - - Advantages
        
        Effective where severe erosion and cheaper than sea walls
      - Disadvantages
        
        Environmentally ugly
        
        Expensive
    - - Advantages
        
        Cheaper
        
        effective at breaking the force of the waves
      - Disadvantages
        
        less durable
        
        Don't give local protection to base of cliff
    - - Advantages
        
        reduces longshore drift
        
        reduces erosion
        
        encourages tourism
        
        benefit local shops and hotels
        
        leads to higher employment, business will have money
        
        positive multiplier effect
      - Disadvantages
        
        Can increase erosion further down the coast by stopping longshore drift
        
        Expensive
        
        if beach becomes smaller , leads to fewer tourists
  - - - Advantages
        
        Cheap
        
        doesn't spoil aesthetic view
      - Disadvantages
        
        doesn't protect the cliff from different wave action
        
        looks ugly when cliff erodes
    - - Advantages
        
        cheap
        
        protects that particular location
        
        Larger beach = more tourists
      - Disadvantages
        
        sediment was taken from elsewhere increasing erosion along coastline