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Philosophy of Science, drawing-hands.jpg!Large, Inductive Reasoning,…

- - - - inductive methodology & the scientific method.
    - - demonstrated the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in the mind of a feral child
    - - "tabula rasa" (or "clean slate") : knowledge is attained through empirical familiarity with objects in this world
  - - - "Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge" of 1710 a different, very extreme form of Empiricism in which things only exist either as a result of their being perceived, or by virtue of the fact that they are an entity doing the perceiving
    - - all of human knowledge can be divided into two categories: relations of ideas (e.g. propositions involving some contingent observation of the world, such as "the sun rises in the East") and matters of fact (e.g. mathematical and logical propositions), and that ideas are derived from our "impressions" or sensations. In the face of this, he argued that even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, or even in the existence of the self, cannot be conclusively established by reason, but we accept them anyway because of their basis in instinct and custom
    - - "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" of 1690 that the mind is a tabula rasa on which experiences leave their marks, and therefore denied that humans have innate ideas or that anything is knowable without reference to experience. However, he also held that some knowledge (e.g. knowledge of God's existence) could be arrived at through intuition and reasoning alone.
  - - - inductive reasoning is necessary for all meaningful knowledge (including mathematics), and matter is merely the "permanent possibility of sensation"
      - Phenomenalism (the view that physical objects, properties and events are completely reducible to mental objects, properties and events).
    - - Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein
- - - - primary importance on the social meanings people attach to
        the world around them
      - meanings are not inherent in objects, but are social products
        that arise during interaction & process of
        interpretation (Blumer, 1969, p. 4).
      - Goffman: dramaturgy (“all the world is a stage”)
      - social constructionism (Berger & Luckmann, 1967; Bogdan & Taylor, 1989; Schwandt, 2007)
    - - the ways people apply abstract cultural rules and commonsense understandings in concrete situations to make actions appear routine, explicable, and unambiguous
      - codes, expectations, justification
        
        (nb this all sounds a lot like institutionalism studies...)
      - Harold Garfinkel 1967
      - must suspend their own belief in reality to study the reality of everyday life
      - conversational analysis
    - - Narrative Analysis
        
        interested in how people narrate their own versions of reality
        
        Narrative analysts may look at small stories told in everyday life, such as children's playground stories (Labov, 1972); at lengthy narrative encounters, as in therapy sessions (McLeod & Lynch, 2000); at narratives told in interviews about particular experiences, such as divorce (Riessman, 1990) or the different ways that people use legal remedies for problems (Ewick & Silbey, 1998); at research participants' written narratives (Emerson, 2011); or at narratives elicited around visual materials (Luttrell, 2003).