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Mutations - Coggle Diagram

- - - - a part of the chromosome is left out during DNA replication
      - Terminal
        
        Single break
      - Interstitial
        
        caused by two breaks and reunion of terminal parts leaving the middle
    - - gene sequences is rearranged
      - Paracentric
        
        takes place apart from the centromere
      - Pericentric
        
        includes the centromere
    - - arrangement of the same order of genes repeated more than one in the same chromosome
      - Tandem
        
        located immediately after the normal segment of the same order
      - Reversed tandem
        
        located in the same chromosome, but away from the normal segment
        
        Displaced tandem
        
        located in the same chromosome, but away from the normal segment
    - - occurs as a result of interchange of chromosome segments in non-homologous chromosomes
      - Homozygous
        
        Both the chromosomes of two pairs
        
        Heterozygous
        
        Only one of the chromosome from each pair of two homologous
- - - - Transition
        
        Transversion
        
        Single purine changed to pyrimidine or vice versa
        
        Changes a purine nucleotide to another purine or pyrimidine to another pyrimidine
    - - extra nucleotide is added to the DNA strand
    - - arrangement of the same order of nucleotides repeated more than once in the same chromosome
    - - part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is left out during DNA replication
  - - - Silent
        
        new codon encodes the same amino acid after transition mutation
        
        no effect on the amino acid sequence
      - Missense
        
        due to transition mutation/change of a single
        
        A range of effects depending on the location within the protein and the identity of the new amino acid
      - refers to alterations of single base pairs of DNA or of a small number of adjacent base pairs
      - Nonsense
        
        new codon is a stop codon due to transition mutation
        
        effects depend on how close the new stop codon is to the beginning of the coding sequence
    - - result of deletion or insertion of nucleotides less than there
      - causing immediate nonsense
      - causing extensive missense