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Skeletal System-Gabriel Cruz P.2 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System-Gabriel Cruz P.2
Name of all Bones(total 206)
Appendicular
Upper Limbs
Radius(thumb side)
Ulna(pincky side)
Humerus
carpal(wrist)
metacarpal
phalanges
Pelvic Girdle
Coxal(hip)
ishium: posterior portion
Pubis:anterior portion
ilium:upper portion
Pectoral Girdle
Scapula(shoulder blade)
Clavicle(collar bone)
Lower Limbs
fibula(pincky toe side)
patella(knee cap)
Tibia(shin side)
tarsal
Talus
calcaneus(back end of foot)
Femur
Metatarsal
phalanges
Axial
Thoracic Cage/Hyoid
Hyoid
Thoracic Cage
Ribs
False ribs 8-12 (11 & 12 floating ribs)
Costal cartilage
True Ribs 1-7
Sternum
Body
Xiphoid Process
Manubrium
Vertebral Column
Thoracic Vertebra
Lumbar Vertebra
Cervical vertabra (axis/ atlas)
Sacrum
Coccyx
Skull
Sinuses
Ethmoidal air cells
Maxillary sinus
Frontal Sinus
Sphenoidal sinus(behind ethmoidal)
Cranial/Sutures
Lambdoid suture
Occipital Bone
Sagittal Suture(cuts parietal bone)
Squamous suture (side of parietal)
Parietal Bone
Temporal
Coronal Suture
Spheniod Bone
Frontal Bone
Face
ethmoid
Lacrimal
Vomer
Palatine
Nasal(bridge of nose)
Mandible
Zygomatic (cheek bone(
Maxilla(above teeth)
Mid Ear
Incus
Stapes
Malleus
Disorders
Transverse; complete fracture, & breaks across the bone
Comminuted; complete fracture, & has pieces of bone.
Oblique: complete fracture, & breaks at an angle
Fissured; incomplete fracture, &longitudinal break in the bone
Spiral: complete fracture, & bone twists opp way
Greenstick; incomplete fracture, & break happens on convex surface of bend
Fracture: break in bone
Open fracture is broken bone exposed to outside
Types of Bone
Sesamoid; round, & developed within tendon(ex:patella
Flat Bone: broad surface, & plate like(ex:ribs, scapula, &flatten skull bones)
Short Bone; equal in length & width(ex:ankle &wrist bones)
Irregular Bone; vary in shape(ex:vertebrae, & some facial bones)
Long Bone; expanded ends (ex:humerus, femur, radius, ulna, ect.)
Bone Fracture Repair
C) hard (bony) callus replace the fibrocartilage
A) Blood escapes from ruptured blood vessels & forms hermatoma which is a blood clot
D) Osteoclast remove excess bony tissue, restoring new bone structure much like the original making the bone stronger with that bone will most likely not break again
To help repair we use a cast to keep the fracture from moving
B)Spongy bone forms in region, & fibrocartilage forms in more distant region
Anatomy of Long Bone
Diaphysis
Medullary cavity: hallow part of bone that contains a special CT
Yellow Marrow: stores fat with in bone
Periostem: tough dense CT that covers the bone
Compact Bone: tightly packed tissue that lines wall of diaphysis
Endosteum: thin layer that lines medullary cavity
Distal epiphysis
Proximal epiphysis
Epiphyseal plates: growth plate & when open it allows you to grow, but closed stops the process
Spongy Bone: branching bone that lays off pressure on the bone
Articular Cartilage: covers the epiphysis
Red marrow: within spongy bone, makes blood/ white blood cells, &platelets
Microscopic Structure:
Extrcelluar Martix: collagen(strength & resilience), & Inorganic Salt- hardness & resistance to crushing
Volkmann's Canols: help ostean share blood supply & nerves, & located in central canal of adjacent osteon
Osteon: bone cell, structures; central circle, lamella, &lacunae(osteocyte)
Difference btw Male & Female Skeleton
sacrum
Male; not as wide, and does not have a sharper sacral curvature
Female; wider, & sacral curvature is bent more sharply posteriorly.
Pelvic cavity
Male; not as wide, longer, less roomier, and has more of a funnel-shape. Shorter distance btw ischial spines & ischial tuberosities.
Female; wider in all diameters, shorter, roomier, & less funnel-shaped, & ishial spines & ischial tuberosities have greater distance.
coccyx
Male; not as movable
Female; movable
Pelvic girdle
Male; hip is heaver, thicker, & have more muscle attachments, obtuator is more oval shape, acetabula are larger, & pubic arch is smaller
Female; hip is lighter, thinner, & less muscular attachments, obturator formanima are triangular, aceta bula are smaller, & pubic arch is wider.
Movement allowed by Synovial Joints
Hyperextension
; straightening beyond normal anatomical position
Lateral flexion
; bending head, neck, or trunk to the side
Abduction
; moving body part away from midline
Extension
; straightening parts at the joint that the angle btw them increases
Adduction
; moving body part toward midline
Flexion
; bending part at the joint that the angle btw them decreases
Inversion
;turning the sole(plantar surface)of the foot medially
Supination
; rotation of forearm that palm is facing upward/anteriorly
Eversion
; turning the sole(plantar surface)of foot laterally
Pronation
;rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing downward/posteriorly
Protraction
;moving part of the body forward
Circumduction
;movement of part so its end follows a circular path
Retraction
;moving part of the body backward
Elevation
; raising a part of the body
Rotation
; movement of part around an axis
Plantar flexion
; ankle movement that moves foot father from shin(point the toes)
Depression
; lowering part of the body
Dorsiflexion
; ankle movement that brings the foot closer to the shin
Bone Remodeling
Controlled by hormones that regulate blood calcium levels
Growth hormone; division of cartilage cells of the epipyseal plate
Sex hormones; offication of the epiphyseal plates to end growth in hight
Def; osteoclasts resorb &osteoblast deposit bone throughout life
Nutrition: vitamin D needed for calcium absorption
Physical exercise; muscles pull on bone that causes it to increase in thickness & strength
Joints(examples)
Cartilaginous Joint
Slightly movable(amphiarthortic) like intervertebral discs btw vertebrae help absorb shock
Other Ex: pubic symphysis & the first rib with the sternum
Composed of cartilage & connected by either hyaline or fibrocartilage
Synovial Joint
Joint capsule consists of an outer layer of dense CT, & inner layer, called synovial membrane
Synovial membrane; secretes synovial that lubes joint
Articular ends of bones in a synovial joints are covered w/ hyaline(articular)cartilage
Menisci; shock absorbing pads of firocartilage that some synovial joints contain
Free movement(diarthortic) &most joints are synovial
Classified by shape & movements they allow
Plane
Sliding or twisting
btw various wrist & ankles, sacroiliac joint, & ribs 2 to 7 & sternum.
surface are nearly flat or slightly curved
Hinge
elbow, joints of phalanges
flexion & extension
Convex surface of 1 bone with concave surface of another
Condylar
variety of movement in two planes, but no rotation
btw metacarpals & phalanges
Oval-shape of bone with elliptical cavity of another
Pivot
Rotation around a central axis
joint btw atlas & axis
Cylindrical surface of one bone with ring of bone & ligament
Saddle
variety of movement, mainly in 2 planes
btw carpal & metacarpal of thumb
Articulating surface have both concave & convex regions & surface fits complementary surface of another
Ball-&-socket;
moves in all planes including rotation
shoulder, hip
ball shape head of bone with cup shape cavity
Fibrous Joint
Most are immovable(synarthrotic). Ex:sutures of the skull
Few slightly movable(amphiarthortic). Ex: joint btw distal tibia & fibula
Composed of dense connective tissue
Possible movement are none or slight twisting