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Skeletal-Alexis Gutierrez Per. 2 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal-Alexis Gutierrez Per. 2
Names of All the Bones(anatomy & common term)
Cranium
Mandible(jaw)
Cervical Vertabrae(neck bones)
Clavicle(collar bone)
Scapula(shoulder blade)
Sternum(chest bone)
Ribs
Thoracic Vertabrae(middle spine)
Humerus(upper arm)
Lumbar Vertabrae(lower spine)
Ulna(inner forearm)
Radius(outer forearm)
Sacrum
Pelvis(hips)
Carpals(wrist)
Metacarpals(palm fingers)
Phalanges(finger&toes)
Femur(thigh bone)
Patella(knee bone)
Tibia(inner shin bone)
Fibula(outer shin bone)
Tarsals(ankle)
Metatarsals(foot bones)
Types of Bones(& example)
Long
Arms & Legs
Short
Wrist, ankles
Flat
Skull bones
Irregular
Vertebrae, some facial bones
Sesamoid
Patella
Anatomy of the long Bone
Proximal Epiphysis
Epiphyseal lines
Articular cartilage
Spongy bone
red marrow
Diaphysis
Endosteum
Compact bone
Medullary cavity
Yellow marrow
Periosteum
Distal Epiphysis
Bone Remodeling
Osteoclasts resorb & osteoblasts deposit bone throughout life, an average of 3% to 5% of bone calcium is exchanged each year, controlled by hormones that regulate blood calcium levels
Hormonal secretions
Growth hormone: stimulates division of cartilage cells of the epiphyseal plate
Sex hormone: stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plates to end growth in height
Physical exercise
muscles pull on bones at their attachment sites, it stresses the bone, which will cause it to increase in thickness and strength
Nutrition
vitamin D is needed for calcium absorption
Bone Fracture Repair
Intramembranous bones
originate within sheet-like layers of connective tissue
Endochondral bones
hyaline cartilage modelFormation(ossification)
Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
Flexion(bending parts at joints, angle decreases)
Extension(straightening parts at joints, angle increases)
Lateral Flexion(bending head, neck, trunk to side)
Hyperextension(straightening beyond normal anatomical position)
Abduction(moving body part away from midline)
Adduction(moving body part toward the midline)
Dorsiflexion(on heels of foot)
Plantar flexion(tippy toes)
Rotation(around an axis)
Circumduction(follows circular path)
Pronation(rotation of forearm, palm face up)
Supination(rotation of forearm, palm face down)
Inversion(turning sole of foot medially)
Eversion(turning sole of foot laterally)
Protraction(moving part of body forward)
Retraction(moving body part backward)
Elevation(raising body part)
Depression(lowering part of body)
Joints(& examples)
Ball-&-socket(spheroidal)
Shoulder & Hip
Condylar(ellipsoidal)
between metacarpals & phalanges
Plane(gliding)
between vertebrae
Hinge
elbow & between phalanges
Pivot(trochoid)
Axis & atlas
Saddle(sellar)
rapezium (carpal) & the metacarpal of thumb
Differences between male and female Skeleton
Male
heavier, thicker, more muscular attachments
Female
Female hip bones are lighter, thinner, and have less evidence of muscular attachments.
Disorders
Greenstick(incomplete, break occurs on surface of bend in bone)
Fissured(incomplete, longitudinal break)
Comminuted(complete, fragments the bone)
Transverse(complete, break occurs at right angle to axis of bone)
Oblique(complete, occurs at an angle to axis of bone)
Spiral(complete, excessive twisting of bone)