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Crime and Deviance - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Black people 7x likely to be stopped and searched than white people
  - - - PSRs allow for discrimination
      - found reports on Asian offenders suggesting they were less remorseful than white offenders. (bias on Muslims due to 9/11)
  - - - Racist victimisation tends to be ongoing over time with repeated incidents of abuse/ harassment.
    - - Ethnic minorities have responded by enforcing situational crime prevention measures. (fire-proof doors)
      - Organised self-defence campaigns aimed at physically defending neighbourhoods from racist attacks
- - - - Argues men want to be heroes to women
        So they save them from prison
    - - Outdated idea/ professionalism
  - - - When women liberated they will perform criminal acts
    - - Modern girls want to act 'hard'
    - - Found evidence on women now participating in typically male crimes. (Drugs)
  - - - Hirschi's theory: Women want rewards for conforming to societal norms
    - - Liberation from the patriarchy
  - - - Boys reject female role models which causes compensatory compulsory masculinity
    - - Lack of male role models leads to boys needing to find their masculine identity
    - - Focus on biological differences and not socialisation
    - - Gangs teach boys to be tough through violence and crime
  - - - Women are conformist to patriarchy
    - - Why do women still commit crime?
      - Most women have a choice on committing crime
    - - Liberation from the patriarchy
    - - Men's dissatisfaction of their wives' domestic role leads to attacks and control at home
  - - - White working-class youths
        
        No educational success and sexist attitudes so masculinity achieved through gangs
      - White middle-class youths
        
        Achieve masculinity through peers in school and underage drinking outside of school
      - Black working-class youths
        
        May use violence and crime to achieve masculinity
- - - - Capitalism creates big divide between classes= people turn to illegitimate means.
        
        Does not account for non-utilitarian crime
    - - Selected bias
        
        The capitalist state is reluctant to pass laws that regulate the activities of businesses or threaten their profitability.
        
        PROFESSIONALISM
    - - IDEOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF LAW
        
        create a false consciousness among workers
        
        Ignores middle-class crime
    - - LAW MAKING
        
        Laws to protect private property are the cornerstone of the capitalist economy
        
        Ignores relationships between crime and other social factors (Eg. gender and ethnicity).
  - - - Boundary maintenance - strengthens the existing norms and values
        
        Already blurred boundaries
      - Adaptation and change- For society to have norms and values that change, a deviant act must take place.
        
        Outdated
    - - Believes prostitution provides a positive function- nuclear function
    - - Pornography saves nuclear family asnd releases sexual frustration
        
        Can cause many more problems
    - - American Dream places more emphasis on the goals, than the legitimate means of gaining them, leading to crime.
        
        Marxists say it ignores the way laws criminalise the poor and not the rich
        
        only explain utilitarian crime
    - - Status Frustration: working class boys in school who fail to succeed in middle class environments
        
        This explains why people commit non-utilitarian crimes, unlike Merton.
    - - 1) Criminal Subcultures 2) Conflict Subcultures:3) Retreatist Subcultures:
        
        Ignores crime of the wealthy. Boundaries to sharp.
  - - - no access to an adequate male role model. Engage in ‘compensatory compulsory masculinity’
        Cohen: lack of role model means boys turn to street gangs as a source masculine identity
        
        Sandra Walklate: only based on biological stereotypes
    - - as women become liberated from patriarchy, their crimes will become as frequent and as serious as men’s.
        
        Martin Denscombe (2001) - females were as likely as males to engage in risk-taking behaviour and girls were adopting more male stances - look ‘hard’
  - - - produced ‘a fully social theory of deviance’
        
        The wider origins of the deviant act
        
        Immediate origins of the deviant act
        
        The act itself
        
        Immediate origins of social reaction
        
        The wider origins of societal reaction
        
        The effects of labelling
        
        too general to explain crime and too idealistic to tackle crime. (Burke)
  - - - The decision to commit a crime is based on a rational calculation of consequences.
        
        If reward outweighs costs
        
        Does not explain non-utilitarian crime such as murder.
    - - For example, personality traits such as aggression and low impulse control signify people who are at greater risk of offending.
        
        If low-intelligence was an explanation for why people commit crime, it would not explain why asians are high in crime statistics but are also high achievers in education.
    - - Crime is increasing due to the mounting underclass, who are defined by their deviant behaviour.
        
        Deterministic to assume if you are ‘inadequately socialised’ you would be criminal.
  - - - leads to crime because people who are deprived resent others having more material goods than them, thus resorting to illegitimate means.
        
        Many wealthy turn to crime (e.g. white collar crime)
  - - - Working as bouncers in the pubs and clubs provided young men with both paid work and opportunity for illegal business ventures in drugs, duty-free tobacco and alcohol
- - - - Abolition of the death penalty and rise in crime= media less interested so crime must be 'special'.
    - - Found that newspaper reporting of rape cases increased.
      - Found media use 'sensational' headlines or labels. (the balaclava rapist, beast, sex fiend) which resulted in distorted pic of rape= rapists shown to be only psychopathic strangers but are actually known to victim most cases. (lack of male victims)
  - - - Immediacy = ‘breaking news’
        
        Dramatisation = action and excitement
        
        Personalisation = human interest stories about individuals
        
        Higher-status = officials and celebrities
        
        Simplification = eliminating shades of grey
        
        Novelty or unexpectedness = a new angle
        
        Risk = victim-centred stories about vulnerability and fear
        
        Violence = visible and spectacular acts
  - - - Imitation - providing deviant role models
      - Arousal - through viewing violent or sexual imagery
      - Desensitisation - through repeated viewing of violence
      - Transmitting knowledge of criminal techniques
      - As a target for crime - stealing TVs
      - By stimulating desires for unaffordable goods - through advertising
      - By portraying police as incompetent
      - By glamourising offending
    - - Materialism - Through glamorising material goods
        
        Desensitisation - Through repeated exposure
        
        Imitation - Deviant role models and copycat crimes
        
        Arousal - Through violent/sexual imagery
        
        Knowledge - People can learn criminal technique
  - - - a process by media where the extent of deviant behaviour is exaggerated. Creates a greater interest in the act.
    - - Exaggeration and distortion
      - Prediction
      - Symbolism
    - - Responding to the sense of anomie or normlessness created by change
        
        Shared value consensus strengthened
        
        Reasserts social control
    - - Hall et al- argues that the moral panic over ‘mugging’ in the British media in the 1970s served to distract attention from the crisis of capitalism.
- - - - Target hardening (e.g. locking doors)
        CCTV
      - +reduces crime (New york terminal)
      - -Rational choice theory too assuming and ignores root of crime. DISPLACEMENT
- - - - Held et al - globalisation of crime (increasing interconnectedness of crime across borders)
      - Supply and demand cycle
        
        Demand highly in the West
        
        Supply is linked to globalisation process e.g. third world countries producing drugs (Columbia- 20% of population) - drug cultivation is attractive due to impoverished areas
    - - Ian Taylor (1997)
        Globalisation has led to changes in the pattern and extent of crime through free rein to market forces (globalisation = greater inequality and rises in crime)
        
        Globalisation creates criminal opportunities for upper class and elite groups e.g. deregulation of financial markets = insider trading and the movement of funds across the globe to avoid taxation
    - - Globalisation produces ‘risk consciousness’ - insecurities - risk is global now
        E.g. protection of borders due to movement of people - more people fleeing their home countries - risk of terrorism, smuggling etc.
    - - Rothe and Friedrich (2015)
        
        International Financial Organisations (e.g. the World Bank) are dominated by capitalist states
        
        impose pro-capitalist, neo-liberal economic ‘structural adjustment programmes’ on poor countries
        
        Programme imposed on Rwanda in the 1980s caused mass unemployment and created the economic basis for the 1994 genocide
    - - Traditional criminology
        
        Not concerned with legal causes of global warming
        
        Situ and Emmons (2000) define environmental crime as ‘an unauthorised act or omission that violates the law’
      - Green criminology
        
        Radical approach
        
        Rob White (2008) argues that criminology is to do with harm caused to the environment, humans and non-humans whether it is legal or not
      - Anthropocentric harm
        
        harm to the environment from the perspective of humanity
      - Ecocentric harm
        
        Does not distinguish between humans and the rest of the ecosystem
      - Types of green crime
        
        PRIMARY GREEN CRIME
        
        Crimes that are committed directly against the environment or acts that cause harm to the environment, e.g:
        
        Pollution
        
        Animal cruelty
        
        SECONDARY GREEN CRIME
        
        Further crime that grows out of flouting rules relating to the environment, e.g:
        
        Violence against environmental groups
    - - Penny Green and Tony Ward (2012)
        ‘Illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by, or with the complicity of, state agencies’
      - Effects:
        
        The states power gives it the potential to inflict harm on a huge scale
        Green and Ward (2012) - 262 million people murdered by governments during the 20th century
        
        The states role is to define what is criminal, uphold the law and prosecute offenders
        Their power = concealment of crimes
      - Rwanda Genocide
        
        100 days, members of the Tutsi minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were slaughtered by armed militias.