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Celine Cercado P.2 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Celine Cercado P.2 Skeletal System
Names of Bones
Axial Skeleton
Skull
Facial Bones:
Nasal (nose)
Lacrimal
Mandible (jaw)
Inferior nasal concha
Palatine
Zygomatic (cheek bone)
Maxilla
Vomer
Frontal bones:
Cranial Bones:
Ethmoid
Spheroid
temporal
Occipital (back of the head)
parietal
Frontal bone (forehead)
Middle ear bones:
Mallus
Incus
Stapes
Hyoid:
Hyoid bones
Vertebrae Column:
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar Vertebrae
Sacrum
coccyx
Thoracic Cage
Rib
Sternum
Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral girdle:
Scapula
Clavicle
Upper Limb
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal (wrist)
Metacarpal
Phalanges (fingers)
Pelvic Girdle
Coxal (hip) bone
Lower Limb:
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
patella(knee)
Tarsal
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Types of Bones
Long
Expanded ends
Examples: Arms & leg bones
Short
Almost equal in length & width
Examples: Bones of wrist & ankles
Sesamoid (round)
Small, nodular bones that develop within tendon
Special type of short bone
Example: patella
Flat
Plate-like shape with broad surface
Examples: Ribs, scapula,
Anatomy of Long Bone
Long
expanded ends
Examples: arms & legs
Structure
Epiphyses
Expanded ends of bones that form joints with adjacent bones
Articular cartilage covers
Diaphysis
Shaft of the bone
Periosteum
Tough layer that covers the bone
Continuous with ligaments & tendons
Endosteum
thin layer of cells that line the medullary cavity
Medullary Cavity
Hollow chambers in the diaphysis
Bony Process
Attachments sites for tendons & ligaments, opening or grooves for blood vessels & nerves, & depression for articulation
Compact bone
very tightly packed tissue, makes up the walls of diaphysis
Spongy bone
consists of many branching bony plates
Bone marrow
Yellow Marrow
Stores fat & occupies most cavities of bone in adults
Red marrow
Occupies the spooky bone of the skull, ribs sternum, clavicles, vertebrae & pelvis in adults
Functions: red bloods cells, white blood cells & platelets.
Color: O2- carrying pigments hemogloblin
Bone Remodeling
1.Blood escapes from ruptured blood vessels & forms a hematoma
2.Spongy bone forms in regions close close to developing blood vessels, & fibrocartilage form in more distant region
3.A hard bony callus replaces the fibrocartilage
4.Osteocalsts removes excess bony tissues... restoring new bone structure much like the original
Bone Fracture Repair
Techniques
Screws & Plates to align healing bone parts
Rods, wire & nails
become lighter & smaller
many built with titanium
Hybrid Fixator: treats broken leg using metal pins internally to align bone pieces
Joints
Fibrous Joint
between distal Tibia & Fibula
Cartilaginous Joints
Between vertebrae
pubic symphysis
first rib of sternum
Synovial Joints
Ball-and-Socket
Hip & shoulder
Condylar
Between the metacarpal & phalanges
Plane
Between wrist & ankle
Sacroiliac joints
between ribs 2 to 7 & sternum
Pivot
Between Atlas & dens of Axis
Saddle
Between the carpal & metacarpal of the thumbs
Difference between Male and Female
Pelvic girdle
Female hip bones are lighter, thinner,
Female: foramina are triangular
Mens: foramina are oval
Female: acetabular are smaller & pubic arch is wider
Pelvic Cavity
Female : wider is all diameters, shorter, roomier & less funel- shaped
Female: Ischial spines & ischial tuberosities are greater
Sacrum
Female: wider
Female: curvature is bent more sharply posteriorly
Coccyx
Female coccyx is more movable than mens
Disorders
Fractures
Greenstick
: is an incomplete fracture & break occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bone
Fissured
: In complete fracture longitudinal break (takes a long time)
Comminuted: Complete break & fragments the bone
Transverse: complete, & the break occurs at the right angle to the axis of the bone
Oblique: Occurs At an angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone
Spiral: is caused by excessive twisting of the bone
Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
Saddle
mostly in 2 planes ( Biaxial)
Permits variety of movement
Pivot
(uniaxial)
Allows only rotation around central axis
Hinge
Uniaxial, hinge of a door
Movement in 1 plane
Plane
nonaxial
Sliding or twisting movement
Condylar
2 planes (biaxial) not a rotation
Back and forth, side to side movements
Ball and Socket
Including movement in all planes (multiaxial)
Allows widest range of motion