The Umayyad Caliphate stretches across northern Africa, the Iberian peninsula, southern Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Persia, and, of course, the Arabian peninsula, where it all began.
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Since this was quite a lot of land to control, and most empires fell due to not being able to keep up with how much land they owned, the Umayyads developed the idea of heavily taxing non-Muslims who lived in the empire.
In 750, the Umayyad Caliphate was overthrown by the Abassid Caliphate.
In the 13th century, the Mongols overrun part of this caliphate, still allowing Muslims to do their own thing as long as they payed tribute.
In 1258, a different Muslim region, north of Bagdhad, where the Mongols attacked, grew in power, lead by a man named Osman I, who was leader of the Ottoman Turks.
Osman I formed an Ottoman Empire that overran the Byzantine Empire, an empire that was formerly part of the Roman Empire.
Orhan I takes his father's place, being the first Ottoman leader to give himself the title of Sultan, or "one with power".
In the mid 1400s, Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire captures Constantinople in 53 days. The city was renamed to Istanbul.
At the peak of their power, the early 20th century, the Ottoman Empire had control of parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa.