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DISEASE, GROUP MEMBERS NAME
Naziera Binti Nor Halim (012020091940)
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DISEASE
EPIGLOTTITIS
Epiglottitis is a potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the epiglottis — a small cartilage "lid" that covers your windpipe — swells, blocking the flow of air into your lungs.
Transmission
- Transmission of the bacteria is the same as with the common cold: Droplets of saliva or mucus are spread into the air when a carrier of the bacteria (coughs or sneezes).
Pathogenesis and pathogenicity
- Acute epiglottitis pathogenesis is well exemplified by (H. influenzae), with the ability to colonize mucosal surfaces and to spread contiguously or invade epithelial cells. It commonly disseminates within the bloodstream, or localizes to selected tissues among these is the epiglottis.
Morphology
-is a (leaf-like structure) that projects rostro dorsally from the base of the larynx. The edge is serrated, and the dorsal surface possesses fine arcuate blood vessels.
Diagnosis
- (Blood tests check the white blood cell count) ,a high count means the immune system is fighting an infection), and to find any bacteria or viruses in the blood. An (X-ray or CT (computed tomography)) scan may be used to determine the level of swelling, and to see if there is a foreign object in the airway.
Possible microorganism
- Epiglottitis is usually caused by an infection from (Hemophilic influenza type b (Hib)) bacteria, the same bacteria that cause pneumonia and meningitis.
LARYNGITIS
Laryngitis is an inflammation of the voice box (larynx) from overuse, irritation or infection. Laryngitis may be short-lived (acute) or long lasting (chronic). Most cases of laryngitis are triggered by a temporary viral infection and aren't serious. Persistent hoarseness can sometimes signal a more serious underlying medical condition.
Transmission
- Since laryngitis is an infection from a virus, such as cold or flu, laryngitis isn't always contagious because it can spread to others only when it's due to an infection.
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Morphology
- Swelling of the voice box (larynx) from overuse, irritation or infection.
Pathogenesis
- the result of an immunological sequelae to an infection, generally an upper respiratory viral infection. usually happens when you have an infection from a virus, such as cold or flu.
Possible microorganism
- Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis,
PHARYNGITIS
The inflammation of the pharynx, which is located in the back of the throat, is known as pharyngitis. The most common term for it is "sore throat." Scratching in the throat and difficulty swallowing are other symptoms of pharyngitis.
Transmission
- Droplets of infected fluids, such as saliva, nasal discharge, or mucus, come into touch with another person's nasal or oral mucosa or conjunctivae, causing infectious pharyngitis. Incubation lasts between 24 and 72 hours on average.
Diagnosis
To confirm group A strep pharyngitis, a rapid antigen detection test (RADT) or a throat culture is used. When compared to throat culture, RADTs show a high specificity for group A strep but variable sensitivities. The gold standard diagnostic test is a throat culture.
Morphology
The inflammation of the pharynx, which is located in the back of the throat, is known as pharyngitis. The most common term for it is "sore throat." Scratching in the throat and difficulty swallowing are other symptoms of pharyngitis.
Pathogenesis
- Viruses get access to the mucosal cells of the nasopharynx and multiply there in viral pharyngitis. Damage to the cells where the viruses replicate frequently causes harm to the host.
Possible microorganism
- Strep throat, caused by group A streptococcus, is the most common bacterial infection of the throat. Gonorrhea, chlamydia, and corynebacterium are all rare causes of bacterial pharyngitis. Colds and flus can put you at risk for pharyngitis if you get them frequently.
SUNISITIS
Sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinuses that can cause them to get blocked and filled with fluid. It is usually caused by cold or allergies. An infection could result from the blockage.
Transmission
- the virus can spread through the air (inhalation)
Diagnosis
- Imaging tests. Images taken using CT or MRI can show details of your sinuses and nasal area. These might pinpoint a deep inflammation or physical blockage, such as polyps, tumours or fungi, that's difficult to detect using an endoscope.
Morphology
- The morphological changes of the mucosal epithelium in chronic sinusitis were swelling of the ciliary membrane, formation of compound cilia, dropping of epithelial cells, and metaplasia of a squamous epithelium.
Possible microorganism
- Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pyogenes.
Pathogenesis & pathogenicity
- The most common cause of acute sinusitis is an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) of viral origin. The viral infection can lead to inflammation of the sinuses that usually resolves without treatment in less than 14 days.
GROUP MEMBERS NAME
- Naziera Binti Nor Halim (012020091940)
- Abigail Priyanka Thomas (012020090673)
- Nur Ilyana Binti Zainudin (012020091590)
- Roshini A/P R Asogan (012020091620)
- Sangerrtena A/P Kunasekaran (012020092370)