Isomerism and its types Geometrical and Structural isomerism

Structural isomerism
(It is the isomerism which differs in structure in 2 dimensions of molecules having same formula or same carbon atoms)

Stereoisomerism (It is the isomerism which differs in structure orentiation in space)

5. Tautomerism

3. Functional group isomerism

2. Position isomerism

4. Metamerism

1. Geometrical isomerism

2. Optical isomerism

1. Chain isomerism

It is the isomerism in which carbon atoms are arranged differently, substituents are different

It is the isomerism in which carbon atoms are same but different functional group are present

It is the isomerism in which carbon atoms are arranged are same but substituents are at different positions.

Phenol is the position isomer of benzene
carboxylic -- ester
alcohols --- ether
ketone -- aldehydes

It is the isomerism limited to molecules having functional groups. In this isomerism carbon atoms on both sides of functional groups are unequally distributed.

It is the isomerism which is concerned with transfer of proton(h atom) from one carbon to another.

This isomerism occurs in molecules having double bond when they don't move nor rotate.
As because the rotation is restrict it is further classified into two types into molecules exhibiting geometrical isomerism:

Cis : same atoms are present on same side of the molecule(either up or down) they are less unstable

Trans : same atoms are present on opposite side of the molecule they are more stable

This isomerism occurs in molecules having chiral centres. It is recognized by passing plain polarized light to detect the rotation.

optical isomerism has two isomers, if on passing light
If rotation is anticlockwise, these molecules are called dextrorotatory
If rotation is clockwise, these molecules are called levorotatory.
These two are mirror images whuch are non super imposable called enantiomers.