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Jasmine Jimenez Period 6 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Jasmine Jimenez Period 6 Skeletal System
Types of Bones
Long Bones
Limb Bones
Radius & Ulna
Femur
Humerus
Fibula & Tibia
Short Bones
Cubed shaped in wrist & ankle
Sesamoid Bones
Bones within tendons
Patella
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones from upper and lower limbs + girdles that attach limbs to axial skeleton
Legs
Coxal Bone
Arms
Flat Bones
Flat, thin, curved
Ribs
Sternum
Scapulae
Most skull bones
Axial Skeleton
Bones from long axis of body
Vertebral Column
Rib Cages
Skull
Irregular Bones
Complicated shapes
Hip Bones
Vertebrae
Bone Remodeling
Bone Deposit & Bone Reabsorption
Both occur on sufaces of periosteum & endosteum
Remodeling Units - Packets of adjacent osteoblasts & osteoclasts coordinate remodeling process
Reabsorption
Osteoclasts dig depression/grooves as they break down matrix
Secrete lysosomal enzymes & protons that digest matrix
Acidity converts calcium salts to soluble forms
Deposit
New bone matrix deposited by osteoclasts
Joints
a. k. a. articulations
sites where 2 or + bones meet
gives skeleton mobility & holds skeleton together
Structural
based on material binding joint or whether cavity is present
Cartilaginous
bones united by cartilage
no joint cavity
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Synovial
separated by fluid filled joint cavity
diarthrotic
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Fibrous
Bones joined by dense CT
No joint cavity
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Functional
based on movement joint allows
Ampiarthroses
slightly movable joints
pubic symphsis
Diarthroses
freely movable joints
knee
shoulder
Synarthoses
immovable joints
articulations between teeth and mandible
joint between first pair of ribs and sternum
Skull sutures
Names of All Bones
Axial Skeleton
Skull
Maxilla/Upper Jaw
Mandible/Lower Jaw
Temporal/Temple
Zygomatic/Cheek Bone
Parietal/Side of Skull
Nasal/Nose Bone
Frontal/Forehead
Thoracic Cage/Rib Cage
Sternum/Breast Bone
Ribs
Vertebral/Spine
Lumbar Vertebrae/Lower Spine/Lower back Vertebrae
Sacrum/Fused Vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae/Chest Vertebrae/Middle of Spine
Coccyx/Tail Bone
CervicalVertebrae/Upper Spine
Atlas/First Bone of Spine
Axis/Second Bone of Spine
Coxal Bone/Hip Bone
Appendicular Skeleton
Upper Limb/Arms
Radius/Lower Outer Arm Bone/Outer Forearm Bone
Carpal/Wrist Bone
Ulna/Lower Inner Arm Bone/Inner Forearm Bone
Metacarpal/Hand Bone
Humerus/Upper Arm Bone
Phalanges/Finger Bones
Scapula/Shoulder Blade
Clavicle/Collar Bone
Lower Limb/Legs
Tarsal/Ankle Bone
Calcaneus/Heel Bone
Talus/Ankle Bone helping to form ankle joint
Metatarsal/Foot Bones
Tibia/Shin Bone
Phalanges/Toe Bones
Fibula/Calf Bone
Patella/Knee Cap
Femur/Thigh Bone
Anatomy of Long Bone
Diaphysis
Shaft of Long Bone
Consists of compact bone surrounding medullary cavity
Membranes
Periosteum
White, double membrane covering external surfaces EXCEPT joints
Anchoring points for tendons & ligaments
Fibrous Layer
Outer layer of dense CT made of Sharpey's fibers (fibers that secure matrix to bone)
Osteogenic Layer
Inner Layers containing osteogenic stem cells that give rise to bone cells
Endosteum
Delicate CT membrane covering internal bone surface
Covers trabeculae of spongy bone
Lines canals that pass through compact bone
Contains osteogenic cells
Epiphysis
Ends of long bone
Articular (joints) cartilage covers the ends
Externally covered by compact bone
Consists of spongy bone internally
Marrow Cavities
Trabeculae cavities
Red Marrow found
Medullary Cavities
Cavity of Diaphysis
Red marrow for new borns
Yellow marrow for adults
Can turn to red if anemic
Epiphyseal Line
Separates epiphysis and diaphysis
Bone Fracture Repair
Treatment
Reduction
the realignment of bone ends
Open Reduction
Surgical pins/Wires to secure ends
Immobilization
Cast/Traction used
Closed Reduction
Physician manipulates bone to correct position
Repair
Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation
Capillaries grow into hematoma
Phagocytic cells clear debris
Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span break & connect broken ends
Fibroblasts, cartilage, & osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of bone
Create cartilage matrix
Osteoblasts form spongy bone
Bony Callus Formation
Within a week, new trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus
Callus converted to bony callus of spongy bone
Bony callus formation continues for about 2 months until firm union forms
Hematoma Formation
torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming hematoma (mass of clotted blood)
Site swollen, painful, & inflamed
Bone Remodeling
Begins during bony callus formation and continues for months
Excess material on diaphysis exterior & interior is removed
Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
Final structure similar to orginal
Classification
can bedescribed by location, appearance, and nature
Completeness of Break
Complete
broken all the way through
Incomplete
not broken all the way through
Whether skin is penetrated
Open (Compound)
Skin is penetrated
Closed (Simple)
Skin not penetrated
Position of bone ends after fracture
Nondisplaced
ends retain normal position
Displaced
ends out of normal alignment
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Uniaxial
1 Plane movement
Biaxial
2 Plane Movement
Nonaxial
Slipping Movements
Multiaxial
3 Plane Movements
Angular Movements
Increase or decrease angles between bones
Extension
increases angle
Hyperextension
movement beyond normal anatomical position
Flexion
decreases angle
Abduction
away from midline
Adduction
toward midline
Circumduction
flexion, adduction, extension, abbduction
Rotation
Turning bone around its long axis
Lateral
rotation away from midline
Medial
rotation toward midline
Gliding
Flat bone glides/slips on similar surface
Special Movement
Feet
Plantarflexion
pointing toes
Inversion
soles of foot face medially
Eversion
soles of feet face laterally
Dorsiflexion
bending foot toward shin
Jaw
Retraction
mandible pulled toward neck
Elevation
lifting body superiorly
Protraction
mandible juts out
Depression
lowering body part
Hands
Supination
Palms face anteriorly
Opposition
Movement of thumb
Pronation
Palms face posteriorly
Differences between Male and Female Skeleton
Female
tend to be shorter
Thorax tends to be narrower than males
Wider pelvis
Oblique slant more pronounced
Longer torso
Skull is thicker
Male
Bones tend to be bigger & stronger
Compared to women, have bigger heads & longer arms & legs
Shoulders are wider
Torso is shorter
Ring finger longer than index
Disorders
Imbalances between bone deposit & reabsorption
Osteoporosis
Group of diseases in which reabsorption exceeds deposits
Matrix remains normal but bone mass declines
Most susceptible in spongy bone of spine & neck of femur & fractures common in vertebral and hip
Risk factors
Aged postmenopausal women (estrogen levels dropping)
Insufficient exercise to stress bones
Diet poor in calcium & protein
Smoking
Genetics
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Treatments
Calcium
Vitamin D supplements
Weight-bearing exercise
Hormone replacement therapy
Drugs for Osteoporosis
Bisphophonates
Decrease osteoclast activity & #
Denosumab
Improves bone density in elderly
Antibody reduces fractures in men
Prevention
plenty of calcium in diet
reduce consumption of carbonated beverages and alcohol
plenty weight-bearing excercise
Paget's disease
Excessive haphazard bone deposit & reabsorption causing bone to grow fast and develop poorly
Osteomalacia
Bones poorly mineralized
Osteoid produced but calcium salts not adequately deposited
Soft and weak bones
Pain upon bearing weight
Rickets
Osteomalacia in children
bowed legs & other bone deformities because bone ends enlarged & abnormally long
Caused by vitamin deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium