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Skeletal Karina Quinones P6 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal
Karina Quinones P6
Name of all Bones
maxila - jawbone/ lower jaw
atlas (c1) - first cervical vertebrae
maxilla - upper jaw
zygomatic bone - cheekbones
axis (c2) - epistropheus
nasal bone - nose
clavicle - collarbone
temporal bone - side (temple)
scapula - shoulderblades
parietal bone - top of the head
sternum - breastbone
frontal bone - forehead
humerus - arm bone
occipital bone - back of the head
thoracic vertebrae - spine
coxal bone - hips
lumbar vertebrae - lower spine
sacrum - pelvis
cervical vertebrae - neck bones
coccyx - tailbone
ribs
carpals - wrist
radius - lateral bone in forearm
metacarpals - middle of finger bones
ulna - medial bone in forearm
phalanges - tips of fingers or toes
femur - thigh bone
patella - kneecaps
tibia - large bone in lower leg
tarsals - ankle
fibula - small bone in lower leg
calcaneus - heel
metatarsal - middle of foot bones
Types of Bones
Short Bones: cube-shaped bones in the wrist and ankle that vary in size and number (examples: carpals in wrist, tarsals in ankle)
Flat Bones: thin, flat, slightly curved (examples: scapulae, coxal bone, vomer bone, flat bones of the skull)
Long Bones: limb bones, longer than they are wide (examples: tibia, fibula, femur, metatarsals)
Irregular Bones: bones of complicated shapes (examples: hip bones and vertebrae)
Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
Angular Movements: increase or decrease angle between two bones along the sagittal plane
Extension: increase of the angle joint
Hyperextension: movement beyond the anatomical position
Abduction: movement along frontal plane, away from midline
Flexion: decrease of the angle joint
Adduction: movement along frontal plane, toward the midline
Rotation: turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away
Medial: rotation toward midline
Lateral: rotation away from midline
Gliding Movements: one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface (ex: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints)
Special Movements
opposition: movement of thumb
ex: touching thumb to other fingers
inversion and eversion of foot
inversion: sole of foot faces medially
eversion: sole of foot faces laterally
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of foot
dorsiflexion: bending foot toward shin
plantar flexion: pointing toes
protraction and retraction: movement in lateral plane
protraction: mandible juts out
retraction: mandible is pulled toward neck
elevation and depression of mandible
elevation: lifting body part superiorly (ex: shrugging shoulders)
-depression: lowering body part (ex: opening jaw)
supination and pronation: rotation of radius and ulna
supination: palms face anteriorly (radius and ulna are parallel)
pronation: points face posteriorly (radius rotates over ulna)
Anatomy of the Long Bone
Diaphysis: ends of long bones that consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally
compact bone surrounds the central medullary cavity that is filled with yellow marrow
Epiphysis: Ends of long bones that consist of compact externally and spongy bone internally (proximal and distal)
articular cartilage covers the joint surfaces
between diaphysis and epiphysis is the epiphyseal line
Bone Remodeling
consists of both bone deposit and bone resorption
occurs at surfaces of both the periosteum and endosteum
osteoblasts and osteoclasts coordinate remodeling process
osteoclasts dig depressions or grooves as they break down the matrix
osteoclasts phagocytize demineralized matrix and dead osteocytes
new bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
Bone Fracture Repair: Treatment involves reduction, the realignment of broken bone ends.
Classified by: Position of bone ends (displaced or nondisplaced; out of alignment or not), Completeness of break (broken throughout or not), Penetration (open and compound is when skin is penetrated, closed and simple is no penetration)
Types of Fractures: comminuted, epiphyseal, compression, depressed, greenstick, spiral
Bony Callus Formation: new trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus which is then converted to a bony hard callus or spongy bone and continues until firm union forms
Bone Remodeling: the excess material on the diaphysis exterior and within the medullary cavity is removed, the compact bone is laid down and the shaft walls are reconstructed, and the final structure is produced to resemble the original structure
Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation: capillaries grow into the hematoma and phagocytic cells clear the debris, fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to connect broken ends. Fibrobrasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of the bone, and osteoblasts form spongy bone within the matrix
Hematoma Formation: torn blood vessels hemorrhage and a mass of clotted blood or a hematoma is created
Joints/Articulations: where two or more bones meet
classified by structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and function (synarthreses/immovable, amphiarthroses/slight movable, diathroses/ freely movable)
Synovial Joints: bones separated by a fluid filled joint cavity and are freely movable
have six general features: articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and nerves and blood vessels
pivot - uniaxial movement (examples: proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint)
condylar - biaxial movement (examples: knuckle and wrist joints)
hinge - uniaxial movement (examples: elbow joints and interphalangeal joints)
saddle - biaxial movement (examples: joints of the thumbs)
plane - nonaxial movement (examples: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints)
ball and socket - multiaxial movement (examples: shoulder and hip joints)
Cartilaginous Joints: bones united by cartilage and are not highly movable
Symphyses: fibrocartilage that unites bone in symphysis joint where hyaline cartilage is also preent and are slightly movable (example: interveterbal joints)
Synchondroses: bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones and are immovable (example: epiphyseal plate joints, cartilage of 1st rib)
Fibrous Joints: bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue and mainly immovable
Syndemoses: bones connected by ligaments, and movement varies depending on fiber length (example: distal tibiofibular joint)
Gomphoses: peg in socket joints (example: teeth in socket)
Sutures: rigid interlocking joints of the skull that allow for growth and are immovable (examples: sagittal suture, lamboidal suture, coronal suture)
Bone Disorders: imbalances between bone deposit and resorption
Rickets: the osteomalcia of children which results in bowed legs and deformities due to enlarged bone ends
Osteoporosis: a group of diseases in which bone resorption exceeds deposit and bone mass begins to decline
Risk factors: Aged, postmenopausal women are at risk due to levels of estrogen, also insufficient exercise and a diet poor in calcium and protein
Osteomalcia: bones are poorly mineralized because calcium salts are not adequately deposited which results in soft, weak bones
Paget's Disease: excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption which causes the bone to grow quickly and develop poorly and occurs in spine, pelvis, femur and skull
Male vs. Female Skeleton: A female's skeleton has much smoother bones in comparison to a male's rougher and bumpier bone surface. The attachment sites should also be stronger in order to support the larger muscles of a mans skeleton. The pelvis also contains great differences as a woman's pelvis is larger and more fit for childbirth.