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Respiratory health and disease - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory health and disease
Lung development
embryonic (lung buds emerge from the ventralised anterior foregut endoderm)
Pseudoglandular (formation of the conducting airways)
canalicular (formation of the respiratory airways. Alveoli also start to form)
Alveolar
saccular (budding of more alveoli from existing ones via septation, surfactant production starts)
Alveolar (pre-natal stage, alveoli continue to expand post birth)
COPD
People at risk
Elderly
Loss of elastin caused by neutrophils
smokers
People living in poverty
Family history of COPD
exposure to air pollution
Emphysema
ACh contribute to airway limitation
Destruction of gas exchange tissues causing big holes in the lung
reduced small airway and blood vessels
reduced elastin, leading to closed airways after compression
Gas trapping
dynamic hyperinflation
cannot get more air into lungs
Bronchiolitis
inflammation of airways which thickens it, limiting airflow
chronic bronchitis
over production of mucus which occlude airways
Therapies for COPD
bronchodilators i.e LAMAs and LABAs
steroids i.e budesonide, fluticosone
Vaccines against influenza, haemophilus and covid19
Lung health in general
pulmonary function tests
FVC - measurement of lung volume
FEV1 - measurement of conductive rate
Lung health in population - regulation of smoking
Significance: increasing amount of cigarette consumption, tobacco increses risk of many causes of death including CVD and respiratory track related diseases
Acts for regulation
increase prize
Ban of advertising and marketing
public acknowledgement
policies (e.g. smokefree area)
Lung stem cells (there are many different types - all of which only gives rise to the different cell types within the region it is present in)
BASC - at bronchi-alveolar duct junction (dual potential? club cells, ciliated cells, goblet cells + Alveolar T1 and T2 cells)
Alveolar type II cells (can give rise to both Alv T1 + T2 cells)
Basal cells - upper airway i.e. trachea, bronchi (-> club cells, ciliated cells and goblet cells)
Techniques used to identify LSCs (lineage tracing, cytotoxic assays etc.)