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Searle的创新 1969, Austin 1962, eg：request, nature of ILA, Searle 1983…

- - - - purpose is to make his hearer make true, at some future time, the proposition he expresses目的是承诺在未来某个时间实现他所表达的主张
  - - - the speaker’s purpose is to make his hearer make true, at some future time, the proposition he expresses是指说话人的目的是让听话人在将来某个时候实现他所表达的主张的行为
  - - - purpose is to automatically make true, simply by virtue of representing it as true, the proposition he expresses是指说话人的目的是自动实现他所表达的主张，仅通过将其表示为真
  - - - the speaker, presupposing that the proposition he expresses is already true, has the purpose of manifesting his feelings or attitudes towards the fact that has made it true是指说话人在假定他所表达的命题已经是真的情况下，为了表达他对使之成为真的事实的感受或态度
  - - - the speaker’s purpose is to represent as true, without automatically making true, the proposition he expresses是指演讲者的目的是将他所表达的命题表示为真实，而不是自动使其真实
- - - - thank, congratulate, apologize, etc.
  - - - "You're guilty" by a judge.
  - - - promise, offer, threaten,etc.
  - - - request, invite, advise, etc.
  - - - describe, claim, hypothesize, etc.
- - - - cannot without absurdity be denied by a speaker purporting to perform the act
  - - - 尝试让听话人做act
        
        act在未来发生的时间
        
        希望听话人能完成act
        
        相信听话人一定能完成这个act
    - - are logically required for its performance
- - - - 有愿望实现这个act
        
        坚信自己有这个能力去实现此
- - - - 他认为，这非常有意义。A没有充分认识到这个重要性
        
        这些ILA不依靠其他附加语言成分（extra-linguistic institution）所以可以被认定为纯粹的语言(strictly linguistic)
        
        eg: statements, requests, promises, warnings, etc.
        
        这些ILA有时（partly）依靠其他附加语言成分（extra-linguistic institution）所以不可以被认定为纯粹的语言(strictly linguistic)
        
        eg：christenings, absolutions, convictions, acquittals, etc.洗礼、赦免、定罪、无罪释放等
      - 是对Grice（analysis of speaker meaning）的补充说明
        
        a speaker means something by an utterance on a particular occasion说话人在特定场合通过话语表达某种意义
        
        三个条件
        
        he intends the hearer to recognize that she is intended to have that effect produced on her听者意识到自己会受到说话人的影响
        
        he intends the effect to be produced on her partly on the basis of her recognizing that it is intended to be produced on her说话人对听者的影响中，一部分是基于听者的认知，即听者能理解此话语是说话人专对她说的
        
        he intends to produce by that utterance an effect on a hearer说话人想通过话语对听者产生影响
        
        Grice的三个条件被Strawson修改为两个
        
        the hearer be intended to recognize the speaker’s intention to produce a recognition-based effect on her说话人知道听者能通过认知来了解说话人意图
        
        the hearer be intended to recognize that she is intended to recognize the speaker’s intention to produce a recognition-based effect on her听者知道自己将听懂说话人的意思，这个意思是基于自己的认知的，并且会产生作用的
        
        Grice还有（doctrine of implicatures）含蓄原则，这两个概念不要混淆
      - Strawson结合了Grice和A的理论