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04 Skeletal Jaden Ross P.6 - Coggle Diagram
04 Skeletal Jaden Ross P.6
Bone Names
Axial Skeleton
Cranial Bones
Parietal(middle of the head)
Temporal (temples)
Frontal (forehead)
Occipital (bottom of the back of the head)
Ethmoid (inner corner of the eye bone)
Sphenoid (bone in the middle of eye socket)
Sutures
-Coronal (separates frontal from parietal)
-Sagittal (suture down the middle of the skull -separates parietal bone into two)
Lambdoidal (separates occipital from parietal)
Squamous suture (separates temporal and parietal)
Frontal bones (forehead)
Maxilla (bone holding upper teeth)
Mandible (jaw bone)
Zygomatic (cheek bones)
nasal (bone of the nose)
Palatine (back of the roof of the mouth)
Lacrimal (inner corner of eye socket in front of ethmoid)
vomer (inside nasal cavity -middle)
Hyoid (under the skull)
Vertebral Colum
Lumbar Vertebrae(lower back)
Cervical Vertebrae (neck)
Thoracic Vertebrae (middle and upper back )
Sacrum(very lower back under lumbar)
coccyx (tail bone)
Thoracic Cage
True Ribs (1-7)
False ribs 8-12)
Floating Ribs (11-12)
Sternum
Body (middle )
manubrium (top)
Xiphoid process (bottom tip)
Appendicular Skeleton
Upper Extremities (arms)
humerus (upper arm)
Radius (bone in forearm )
Ulna (bone in forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Metacarpal (tops of hands)
phalanges (fingers)
Lower Extremities (legs)
Femur (upper leg bone)
Tibia (shin)
Fibula ( lower thinner leg bone)
patella (knee cap)
Tarsal (ankle)
Metatarsal (top of foot)
Phalanges (toes)
Talus ( tibia and fibula sit on it )
Calcaneus (heel)
Pelvic Girdle ( hips)
Coxal bone
Ilium(top of bone)
Ischium (sit down bones)
pubic ( where bottom of left and right bones meet)
Pectoral Girdle (shoulders)
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Clavicle (collar bone)
Types of Bones
Long Bone
longer than they are wide
Limb bones
Short Bone
cube shaped bones
wrists and ankles
sesamoid bones
bones form within tendons (patella)
Flat Bone
Thin, flat, slightly curved
Sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones
Irregular Bone
complicated shapes
vertebrae and hip bones
Bone Remodeling
Bone deposit
osteoblasts build bone
new bone matrix is deposited
Bone resorption
osteoclast "cut" bone
at surface of endosteum and periosteum)
Anatomy of the Long Bone
Diaphysis (shaft)
Proximal and Distal Epiphysis (ends)
Compact Bone (hard)
Surrounds outside of bone
Spongey Bone (covered by compact bone)
honey comb of flat needle pieces
Red marrow in trabeculae (spongey)
Medullary Cavity
hollow part of bone filled with yellow marrow)
center of bone
Epiphyseal Line
between ends and shaft
Periosteum (covers outside of compact)
Endosteum (covers inside of compact)
Articular Cartilage
covers end of bones to form joints
Bone Fracture Repair
Hematoma Formation
Blood vessel hemorrhage
site swollen painful
Fibrocartilaginous Callus formation
phagocytes clear debris
fibroblast secrets collagen fibers to connect broken ends
fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction
mass of repair called fibrocartilaginous callus
Boney Callus Formation
new trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus
callus converted to boney callus (for 2 months)
Bone Remodeling
begins during boney callus formation
compact bane laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
Bone Disorders
Rickets
osteomalacia in kids
results in bowed legs and deformities b/c bones are abnormally long
caused by vitamin D deficiency or insufficient calcium intake
Osteomalacia
poorly mineralized bones
causes soft weak bones
osteoid produced but calcium salts not deposited correctly
Paget's Disease
excess bone deposit and resorption
bone grows to fast and forms poorly
occurs in spine, pelvis femur, and skull
occurs before 40
cause unknown
treated with calcitonin and bisphosphonates
Osteoporosis
bone resorption exceeds deposit
bones mass declines effects vertebral and hip
Risk Factors
30% of women 60-70 yrs old (postmenopausal women)
smoking/genetics/insufficient calcium and protein
Treatments
calcium/vitamin D supplements
hormones' replacement therapy
bisphosphonates ( decrease to osteoclasts)
Denosumab (monoclonal antibody
Prevention
plenty of calcium
weight baring exercises
reduction of carbonated beverages and alcohol
Joints
Fibrous joints
joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
immovable
sutures on skull called synostoses
synarsmoses bone connected by ligaments
gomphoses peg in socket (teeth)
cartilaginous joints
bones united by cartilage (no joint cavity)
slightly movable
sychondroses (immovable) hyaline cartilage connects bone in symphysis joints ex) joints between manubrium and sternum
symphysis fibrocartilage connects
Synovial Joints
bones separated by fluid filled cavities
freely movable
has bursea and tendon sheaths
plane (gliding)
nonaxial
Ex) joints between metacarpal bones in-between vertebral
hinge (flexion and extension)
uniaxial
ex) elbow/ interphalangeal joints
pivot ( rotation)
uniaxial
ex) between C1 and C2 vertebrae (atlas and axis)
condyler ( flexion and extention & abduction and adduction)
biaxial
ex) between radius and carpal of writs
saddle ( flexion and extension & abduction and adduction)
biaxial
ex) carpometacarpal joints of the thumb
ball and socket (rotation & flexion and extension)
multiaxial
ex) shoulder and hip joints
Types of movement
synarthroses ( immovable)
amphiarthroses (slightly moveable)
diarthroses (freely movable)
Differences in Male and Female Skeleton
Male
heart shaped pelvic cavity
larger rougher bones
pelvis longer and more narrow
sacrum more narrow
higher iliac crest
larger bone mass
Female
oval shaped pelvic cavity
pelvic girdle wider and shorter
sacrum broader in females
wider hips
smaller bone mass
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Gliding - flat bone slide across similar surface
Flexion
decrease in angle ( head or vertebral column moved forwards
Extension
increase in angle (moving back to anatomical position)
Hyperextension
-beyond anatomical position backwards
Abduction
away from midline along frontal plane
Adduction
towards midline along frontal plane
Circumduction
limbs described as cone in space
include flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
Rotation
turning bone around its own axis
medial (towards midline)
lateral (away from midline)
rotation between C1 and C2 vertebrae
Supination
radius and ulna parallel ( palms face anterior)
Pronation
radius rotates over ulna (palms posterior)
Dorsiflexion
foot towards shin
Plantar
pointing toes like ballerina
Protraction
mandible juts out
Retraction
mandible pulls towards neck
Elevation
lifting body part superiorly
i.e shrugging shoulders
Depression
lowering body part
i.e opening jaw
Opposition
thumbs touch other fingers