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Justin Cabrera P.6 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Justin Cabrera P.6
Skeletal System
Names of all the bones
Upper Limbs
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpal
Metacarap
Phalanges
Clavicle
Scapul
Lower Limbs
Femur
FibullaR
Tibia
Patella
Tarsal
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Skull
Frontal Bone (Forehead)
Nasal Bone (Nasals)
Ethmoid Bone (Supporting Bone of Nasal Cavity)
Lacrimal Bone
Vomer Bone (Lower portion of nasal septum)
Zygomatic Bone (Cheek Bone)
Maxilla (Upper Jaw)
Mandible (Lower Jaw)
Temporal Bone (Temple)
Sphenmoid Bone (Wasp Bone)
Parietal Bone (Side of skull)
Occipital Bone (Back of Bone)
Vertebral(Spine/Backbone)
Lumbar Lower Back Vertebrae
Cervical
Atlas
Axis
Thoracic(Chest Vertebrae)
Sacrum
Thoracic Cage
Clavicle (Collarbone)
Scapula (Shoulder Blade)
Ribs
False Ribs(8-12)
Floating Ribs(11-12
True Ribs(1-7)
Sacrum
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
Disorders
Osteomalacia and rickets
Rickets(osteomalacia of children) –Results in bowed legs another bone deformities because bones ends are enlarged and abnormally long–Cause: vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium
Description: Osteomalacia– Bones are poorly mineralized–Osteoid is produced, but calcium salts not adequately deposited–Results in soft, weak bones–Pain upon bearing weight
Paget’s disease
Description : Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption cause bone to grow fast and develop poorly
Location: Usually occurs in spine, pelvis, femur, and skull•
Treatment: Calcitonin and bisphosphonates
Osteoporosis
Preventing osteoporosis–Plenty of calcium in diet in early adulthood–Reduce consumption of carbonated beverages and alcohol
Treating osteoporosis–Traditional treatments
Risk factors for osteoporosis–Most often aged, postmenopausal
women, Insufficient exercise to stress bones
Description: group of diseases in which bone resorption
exceeds deposit
Bone remodeling
Bone deposit: New bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
Bone resorption: Function of osteoclasts
Destruction of bone
Osteoclasts also phagocytize demineralized matrix and dead osteocytes
Anatomy of the long bone
Diaphysis: tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone–Consists of compact bone surrounding central medullary cavity that is filled with yellow marrow in adults
Epiphyses: ends of long bones that consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally–Articular cartilage covers articular (joint) surfaces
Between diaphysis and epiphysis is epiphyseal line–Remnant of childhood epiphyseal plate where bone growth occurs
Membranes: two types (periosteum and endosteum)
Periosteum: white, double-layered membrane that covers external surfaces except joints
Endosteum: Delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface, Covers trabeculae of spongy bone, Lines canals that pass through compact bone, Like periosteum contains osteogenic cells that can differentiate into other bone cells
Types of bones
Axial Skeleton
Skull, vertebral column, rib cage
Long axis of body
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of upper and lower limbs
Girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton
Based on Shapes
Long Bones
Limb bones
Longer than they are wide
Short Bones
Sesamoid bones form within tendons
Cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle)
Vary in size and number in different individuals
Irregular Bones
Vertebrae and hip bones
Complicated shapes
Flat Bones
Thin, flat, slightly curved
Sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones
Bone fracture repair
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation–Capillaries grow into hematoma–Phagocytic cells clear debris–Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span break and connect broken ends –Fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of bone
Bony callus formation–Within one week, new trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus–Callus is converted to
bony(hard) callus of spongy bone–Bony callus formation continues for about 2 months until firm union forms
Bone remodeling–Begins during bony callus formation and continues for several months–Excess material on diaphysis exterior and within medullary cavity is removed–Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls–Final structure resembles original structure
Hematoma formation–Torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming mass of clotted blood called a hematoma–Site is swollen, painful, and inflamed
Differences between male and female skeleton
Female skeleton: Lighter & thinner, smoother & rounder
Pelvis
The simplest way to determine the sex of the skeleton/individual.
Females tend to have larger, wider pelvises than males and tend to have rounder pelvic inlet
Male skeleton: Heavier & thicker, more sharp & bumpy
Joints(Articulations): sites where two or more bones meet
Structural: three types based on what material binds the joints and whether a cavity is present
Cartilaginous: Not highly movable
Bones united by cartilage
Types of Cartilaginous:
Synchondroses(immovable)
Description: Bar/plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones
Symphyses(slightly movable)
Fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint
No joint cavity
Synovial(freely movable)
Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
Include almost all limb joints
Characteristics
Stability is influenced by three factors
Allow several types of movements
Have bursae and tendons heaths associated with them
Classified into six different types
Have six general features
Articular (joint) capsule: two layers thick
External fibrous layer: dense irregular connective tissue
Inner synovial membrane: loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid
Joint (synovial) cavity: small, fluid-filled potential space that is unique to synovial joints
Articular cartilage: consists of hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones
Synovial fluid: viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
Function: Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage, Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
Types of reinforcing ligaments
Extracapsular: outside the capsule
Intracapsular: deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane
Capsular: thickened part of fibrous layer
Nerves and blood vessels
Function: Nerves detect pain, monitor joint position and stretch, & Capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid
Types of Synovial Joints
Condylar
Hinge
Saddle
Plane
Pivot
Ball-and-Socket
Fibrous: Most are immovable
No joint cavity
Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
Types of Fibrous joints
Syndesmoses
Function
Short fibers offer little to no movement
Longer fibers offer a larger amount of movement
Description: Bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue
Gomphoses
Description: Peg-in-socket joints
Function: Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament
Sutures
Function: Allow for growth during youth, ossify and fuse in middle age
Immovable joints join skull into one unit that protects brain
Location: Rigid, interlocking joints of skull
Functional: three types based on movement joint allows
Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints
Diarthroses: freely movable joints
Synarthroses: immovable joints
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Range of motion
Uniaxial: movement in one plane
Biaxial: movement in two planes
Nonaxial: slipping movements only
Multiaxial: movement in or around all three planes
General types of movements
Angular movements
Description: Movement along sagittal plane
Function: Increase/decrease angle between two bones
Types of Angular movements
Flexion: decreases the angle of the joint
Extension: increases the angle of the joint
Hyperextension: movement beyond the anatomical position
Abduction: movement along frontal plane, away from the midline
Adduction: movement along frontal plane, toward the midline
Circumduction: Limb describes cone in space
Rotation: turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away from it
Medial: rotation toward midline
Lateral: rotation away from midline
Gliding
Description: One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
Special movements
Inversion & eversion of foot
Inversion: sole of foot faces medially
Eversion: sole of foot faces laterally
Protraction & retraction: movement in lateral plane
Protraction: mandible juts out
Retraction: mandible is pulled toward neck
Dorsiflexion & plantarflexion of foot
Dorsiflexion: bending foot toward shin
Plantar flexion: pointing toes
Elevation & depression of mandible
Elevation: lifting body part superiorly
Depression: lowering body part
Supination & pronation: rotation of radius & ulna
Supination: palms face anteriorly
Pronation: palms face posteriorly
Opposition: movement of thumb