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Jenesis Perez Per.2 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Jenesis Perez Per.2 Skeletal System
Bone
Axial Skeleton
Hyoid
Vertebral column
lumbar vertebra
sacrum
thoracic vertebra
coccyx
cervical vertebra
Skull
parietal bone
occipital bone
frontal bone
facial bones
cranial bones
zygomatic
maxilla
palatine bones
temporal bone
mandible
sphenoid bones
ethmoid bone
lacrimal
nasal bone
vomer
Thoracic cage
Sternum
Rib
Appendicular Skeleton
Upper limbs
radius
radius
humerus
carpal
metacarpals
phalanges
Pelvic girdle
Coxal bone
Ischium
Pubis
Ilium
Pectoral girdle
scapula
clavicle
Lower limbs
Tibia
fibula
femur
metatarsal
patella
tarsal
calcaneus
talus
phalanges
Joints
synarthrotic; Immovable
amphiarthrotic; Slightly movable
body movements, bind parts of the body together, and make bone growth possible
diarthrotic; Freely movable
Functional junctions between bones
Synovial: having a complex structure
in most joints
Articular ends of bones with hyaline or articular cartilage
free movement
joint capsule
inner layer synovial membrane
outer layer of dense connective tissue
secretes synovial fluid, which lubricates the joints
menisci
shock absorbing pads of fibrocartilage
bursae
fluid-filled sacs
aid in movement of tendons as they slide over bone
Ball-and-socket
Ball-shaped head of one bone articulates with cup-shaped cavity of another
Condylar
Oval-shaped condyle of one bone articulates with elliptical cavity of another
Plane
Articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved
Hinge
one bone articulates with concave surface of another
Pivot
Cylindrical surface of one bone articulates with ring of bone and ligament
Saddle
Articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions; the surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of another
Fibrous: composed of dense connective tissue
immovable
sutures of the skull
few are slightly movable
joint between the distal tibia and fibula
Cartilaginous: cartilage
hyaline or fibrocartilage
Intervertebral discs between vertebrae help absorb shock and are slightly movable
pubic symphysis
the first rib with the sternum
Anatomy of the long bone
Examples: arm, leg, thigh, and forearms bones
red marrow- found in spongy bone and functions in formation of blood cells
Compact bone- very tightly packed tissue found in wall of diaphysis
Medullary cavity- marrow cavity space within the diaphysis
spongy bone- porous bone made up of many branching bone; found in epiphysis
Articular Cartilage- covers epiphysis and is made of hyaline cartilage
Yellow Marrow- stores fat and found in medullary cavities
Periosteum- tough outer covering of bone; made of dense connective tissue
diaphysis- shaft of the bone
Epiphyseal plate- layer of cartilage located in the metaphysis (growth plate)
Endosteum- lines the medullary cavity
Epiphysis- shaft of the bone
Types of bones
Flat
Ex: Ribs, fibula, scapula
Long
Ex: Femur, Humerus
Short
Ex: Tarsals, Carpals,
Sesamoid (round)
Ex. Patella
Irregular
Ex: Skull, Facial bones, spine, Pelvic girdle
Bone fracture repair
Hard callus replaces the fibrocartilage
Osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue, restoring new bone structure like the original
The spongy bone forms in close to developing blood vessel and fibrocartilage in more distance regions.
Blood escapes from the ruptured blood vessel then it forms a hematoma
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Lateral flexion: bending the head, neck, or trunk to the side
Hyperextension: straightening beyond normal anatomical position
Extension: straightening parts at a joint, so that the angle between them increases
Abduction: moving a body part away from the midline
Flexion: bending parts at a joint, so that the angle between them decreases
Adduction: moving a body part toward the midline
Plantar flexion: ankle movement that moves the foot farther from the shin; points the toes
Dorsiflexion: ankle movement that brings the foot closer to the shin
Rotation: movement of a part around an axis
Circumduction: movement of a part so its end follows a circular path
Pronation: rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing downward or posteriorly
Supination: rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing upward or anteriorly
Inversion: turning the sole of the foot medially
Eversion: turning the sole of the foot laterally
Protraction: moving a part of the body forward
Retraction: moving a part of the body backward
Elevation: raising a part of the body
Depression: lowering a part of the body
Bone remodeling
process of breaking down bone building bone throughout life
Osteoclasts- bone-resorbing cells; breaks down bone
Parathyroid hormone
triggers osteoclasts to breakdown bone to release calcium into blood; increases blood calcium
Osteoblasts- bone-forming cells
Calcitonin
triggers osteoblasts to build bone; decrease blood calcium
Ossification- bone formation
Intramembranous bones- bone formation originating within sheet-like layers
bone formation in flat bones
Endochondral bones- bone formed from hyaline cartilage; occurs in most bones except for flat
Differences between male and female skeleton
Pelvic girdle
Female hip bones are lighter, thinner, and have less evidence of muscular attachments.
The female obturator foramina are triangular, whereas the male's are oval.
Sacrum
Female sacrum is wider, and the sacral curvature is bent more sharply posteriorly than in a male.
Pelvic cavity
Female pelvic cavity is wider in all diameters and is shorter, roomier, and less funnel-shaped.
The distances between the female ischial spines and ischial tuberosities are greater than in a male.
Coccyx
Female coccyx is more movable than that of a male.
Disorders
fractures
a break or crack in bone
Closed or simple fracture
Open or compound fracture
Comminuted fracture
Greenstick fracture
An incomplete break in bone
often occurs in children
Fissured fracture
incomplete longitudinal break in bone
Transverse fracture
Can complete break across bone at a right angle
Spiral fracture
Can break caused by excessive twisting motion
Oblique fracture
Can make a complete break at an angle other than a right angle