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Skeletal System, Ilyanna Sanchez, Period 1 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System, Ilyanna Sanchez, Period 1
Joints
- Functions of joints: give skeleton mobility and hold skeleton together
Structural
- three types based on what material binds the joints and whether a cavity is present
▪Fibrous
▪Cartilaginous
▪Synovial
Functional
- three types based on movement joint allows
▪Synarthroses: immovable joints
▪Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints
▪Diarthroses: freely movable joints
Fibrous Joints
- Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
- No joint cavity
- Most are immovable (length of connective tissue fibers)
- Fibrous Joints
▪Sutures
▪Syndesmoses
▪Gomphoses
fibrous joints
Sutures
- Rigid, interlocking joints of skull
- Allow for growth during youth
▪Short connective tissue fibers that allow for expansion
- Middle age, sutures ossify and fuse
▪Immovable joints join skull into one unit that protects brain
▪Closed, immovable sutures referred to as synostoses
Syndesmoses
- Bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue
- Fiber length varies, so movement varies
▪Short fibers offer little to no movement
▪Longer fibers offer a larger amount of movement
Gomphoses
- Peg-in-socket joints
- Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament
▪Holds tooth in socket
Cartilaginous Joints
- Bones united by cartilage
- no joint cavity
- Not highly movable
- Two types:
Synchondroses
- Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones
- Almost all are immovable
- Ex: Temporary epiphyseal plate joints
Symphyses
- Fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint
- Symphyses are strong, slightly movable joints
- Ex: Intervertebral joints and Pubic symphysis
Synovial Joints
- Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
- All are freely movable
- Almost all limb joints
- Characteristics of synovial joints:
▪ six general features
▪ bursae and tendon sheaths
▪ Stability
▪ several types of movements (6 different types)
General structure
- Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones
▪ Prevents crushing of bone ends
- Joint cavity: small, fluid-filled potential space that is unique to
synovial joints
- Articular capsule: two layers thick
▪ External fibrous layer: dense irregular connective tissue
▪ Inner synovial membrane: loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid
- Synovial fluid: viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
▪ Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
▪ Phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
- Reinforcing ligaments
▪ Capsular: thickened part of fibrous layer
▪ Extracapsular: outside the capsule
▪ Intracapsular: deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane
- Nerves and blood vessels
▪ Nerves detect pain
-
Types of Synovial Joints
- Six different types of synovial joints
- Based on shape of articular surface, as well as movement of joint:
▪ Plane
▪ Hinge
▪ Pivot
▪ Condylar
▪ Saddle
▪ Ball-and-socket
Names of all bones
Skull
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Maxilla
- Mandible
- Zygomatic
- Nasal
Thoracic Cage
- Sternum
- Ribs
- Scapula
- Clavicle
Vertebral
- Cervical
- Atlas
- Axis
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
- Coxal bone
Upper Limb
- Humerus
- Ulna
- Radius
- Carpal
- Metacarpal
- Phalanges
- Scapula
- Clavicle
Lower Limb
- Femur
- Fibula
- Tibia
- Tarsal
- Calcaneus
- Talus
- Metatarsal
- Phalanges
- Patella
-
Names of Bones
- The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones
- Skull – including the jaw bone
- Spine – cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, sacrum and tailbone (coccyx)
- Chest – ribs and breastbone (sternum)
- Arms – shoulder blade (scapula), collar bone (clavicle), humerus, radius and ulna
- Hands – wrist bones (carpals), metacarpals and phalanges
- Pelvis – hip bones
- Legs – thigh bone (femur), kneecap (patella), shin bone (tibia) and fibula
- Feet – tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges.
Bone types
- There are four different types of bone in the human body:
- Long bone – has a long, thin shape
▪Ex: The bones of the arms and legs (excluding the wrists, ankles and kneecaps)
▪With the help of muscles, long bones work as levers to permit movement
- Short bone – has a squat, cubed shape
▪Ex: The bones that make up the wrists and the ankles
- Flat bone – has a flattened, broad surface
▪Ex: ribs, shoulder blades, breast bone and skull bones
- Irregular bone – has a shape that does not conform to the above three types
▪Ex: The bones of the spine (vertebrae).
Bone conditions
- Some conditions of bone include:
- Fractures – broken bones of various types
- Osteoporosis – loss of bone density and strength
- Osteomyelitis – infection of the bone
- Osteitis – bone inflammation, for example, Paget’s disease of the bone
- Acromegaly – overgrowth of bones in the face, hands and feet
- Fibrous dysplasia – abnormal growth or swelling of bone
- Rickets – a child’s growing bones fail to develop due to a lack of vitamin D
- Multiple myeloma – cancer of the plasma cells in bone marrow
- Bone cancer – primary bone cancers include osteosarcomas and chondrosarcomas
▪Most cancers found in bone have spread from other organs such as the breast, prostate, lung or kidney
Long Bones
- Long bones grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis (the central shaft), epiphysis at each end of the growing bone
- The ends of epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)
- At the cessation of growth, the epiphyses fuse to the diaphysis, thus obliterating the intermediate area known as the epiphyseal plate or growth plate
- The outside of the bone consists of a layer of connective tissue called the periosteum
- The outer shell of the long bone is compact bone, below which lies a deeper layer of cancellous bone (spongy bone)
- The interior part of the long bone is called the medullary cavity; the inner core of the bone cavity is composed of marrow
Bone Remodeling
Bone remodeling entails the removal of mineralized bone by osteoclasts and the subsequent creation of bone matrix by osteoblasts, which thereafter become mineralized. Resorption, when osteoclasts destroy old bone; reversal, when mononuclear cells emerge on the bone surface; and production, when osteoblasts lay down new bone until the resorbed bone is entirely replaced, are the three steps of the remodeling cycle.
Bone Fracture repair
- A fracture is a breach in the structural continuity of the bone cortex, with a degree of injury to the surrounding soft tissues
- Four steps:
- Hematoma formation
- Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
- Bony callus formation
- Bone remodeling
Differences between male and female skeleton
- A female's skeleton is usually much smoother and less knobby than a male's
- A male's skeleton is usually thicker, rougher and appears more bumpy.