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Linh Le Period 1 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Linh Le Period 1 Skeletal System
Joints
Types of Joints:
Fibrous joints are immovable; sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
Cartiliginous joints: synchondroses (immovable), symphyses (slightly movable)
Movements of Synovial Joints:
Gliding: flat bone surface glides over another flat surface
Angular: increase/decrease angle between two bones (extension, flexion)
Rotation: turning of a bone around its long axis (medial, lateral)
Skeleton
Cranium: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
Sutures: Coronal, Squamous, Lambdoid, Sagittal
Face: Nasal bone (nose), Zygomatic (cheeks), Maxilla (top jaw), Mandible (bottom jaw)
Inside: Ethmoid, Palatine, Vomer, Sphenoid, Hyoid
Vertebrae: Cervical (neck): Atlas & Axis, Thoracic (chest), Lumbar (lower back), Sacrum, Coccyx (tailbone)
Ribs: True Ribs (1-7), False Ribs (8-12), Floating Ribs (unattached to cage)
Other: Clavicle (collarbone), Sternum (breastbone)
Arms: Scapula (shoulder), Humerus (upper arm), Radius (half of forearm), Ulna (half of forearm), Carpals (wrist), Metacarpals (palm), Phalanges (fingers)
Legs: Femur (thigh), Patella (knee), Tibia (shin), Fibula, Tarsals (ankle), Metatarsals (foot), Phalanges (toes)
Pelvis: Coxal (hips), Illium (upper portion of hips), Ischium (sit-down portion), Pubic
Female vs Male skeleton: Female skeleton is often smaller and has a larger pubic opening, male skeleton is less smooth and rougher for muscles to attach to easier
Ossification
Bone Formation (Endochondral Ossification): Happens in the womb where bone begins to develop in place of hyaline cartilage in the fetus.
Intramembranous Ossification:
Bone forms from fibrous tissue-- makes the cranium and clavicle bones
Bone Remodeling:
A process that constantly occurs all throughout life
Resorption:
Osteoclasts dig grooves and break down the matrix of the bone, converting calcium salts to a soluble substance
Deposition:
Osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix
Bone Repair
Hematoma Formation: blood clots form
Fibrocartilaginous callus forms: cartilage and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction
Bony Callus Forms: new trabeculae forms in fibrocartilagionus callus
Bone Remodeling: compact bone is laid down to reconstruct walls
Bones
Anatomy of the Long Bone: The long bone grows from the epiphyseal line, the diaphysis lengthens and the epiphyses thickens. It is made of sturdy compact bone that surrounds the inner spongy bone which also houses red marrow in its cavities. There is a membrane called endosteum inbetween the spongy and compact bone and a layer of articular cartilage covering the external compact bone.
Short bones:
Cube-shaped bones
Flat bones:
Thin, flat, and slightly curved bones
Irregular bones:
Complicated shapes
Bone Disorders:
Rickets: causes deformities like bowed legs
Osteomalacia: poorly mineralized bones which makes them soft and weak
Osteoporosis: bone resorption exceeds deposit and results in bone mass decrease