Skeletal system Jessika lee Period 1

Bones

Bone Remodeling

Male and female skeleton

Joints

Anatomy of the long bone

Bone disorders

Types of bones

Bone Fracture Repair

Movements allowed by synovial joints

Skull- parietal bone, frontal bone, Lacrimal bone, ethmoid bone, temporal bone, nasal bone, sphenoid bone, vomer bone, zygomatic bone, mandible, maxilla

Chest- ribs and breastbone (sternum)

Arms- shoulder blades (scapula), collar bone (clavicle), humerus, radius, and ulna

Spine- cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and tailbone (coccyx)

Hands- wrist bones (carpals), metacarpals, phalanges

Pelvis- hip bone (coxal bone)

Legs- thigh bone (femur), kneecap (patella), shin bone (tibia), and fibula

Feet- tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Long Bones- longer than they are wide, limb bones

Short bones - cube shaped bones,sesamoid bones form within tendons, vary in size and number in different individuals.

Flat Bones-thin, flat slightly curved- sternum scapula, ribs, skull bones

Irregular bones- complicated shapes- vertebrae and hip bones

Epiphysis- wider section at each end of the bone

  • filled with spongy bone
  • red marrow fills spaces in spongy bone
  • narrow area contains epiphyseal plate

Diaphysis- tubular shaft, runs between proximal and distal ends of bones

  • hollow region called medullary cavity, filled with yellow marrow
  • walls are composed of dense and hard compact bone

Remodeling Units- packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts coordinate remodeling process

Bone Resorption- function of osteoblasts

  • big depressions or grooves
    • secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons that digest matrix
      -acidity converts calcium salts to soluble forms

Bone Deposit- new bone matrix deposited by osteoblasts

  • Involves reduction, the realignment of broken bone ends
  • Closed reduction- physician manipulates to correct position
  • Open reduction- surgical pins or wires secure ends
  • Immobilization- of bone by castor traction is needed for healing

-4 major stages: hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

Fibrous joints- bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue

  • no joint cavity
  • most are immovable
    -3 stages: sutures, syndesmosis, gomphoses
  • Sutures- rigid interlocking joints of skull
  • allow for growth during youth
  • in middle age, sutures ossify and fuse
  • Syndesmosis- bones connected by ligaments hands of fibrous tissue
  • fiber length varies, so movement varies
  • short fibers offer little to no movement
  • Gomphoses- peg in socket joints
  • only examples are teeth in alveolar sockets

Synovial joints- bones separated by fluid filled joint cavity

  • include almost all limb joints
  • have 6 general features
  • have bursae and tendon sheets
  • stability is influenced by three factors
  • allow several types of movements

nonaxial- slipping movements by synovial joints uniaxial- movement in one plane
biaxial- movement in two planes
multiaxial-movement in or around all three planes

Gliding- one flat bone surface glides or slips over

  • intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, between articular process of vertebrae

Angular movements- increases or decreases angle between two bones

  • movement along sagittal plane
    -includes, flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation
  • imbalances between bone deposit and bone resorption
  • 3 major bone diseases: osteomalacia and rickets, osteoporosis, paget's disease
  • Osteomalacia- bones are poorly mineralized
  • osteoid produced, calcium slats not adequately deposited
  • results in soft, weak bones
  • pain upon bearing weight
  • Rickets
  • results in boned legs and other bone deformities because bone ends are enlarged and abnormally long
  • vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium
  • osteoporosis
  • group of diseases which bone resorption exceeds deposit
  • matrix remains normal, bone mass declines
  • spongy bone of spine and neck of femur most susceptible
  • Paget's disease
  • excessive bone deposit and resorption cause bone to grow fast and develop poorly
  • very high ratio of spongy to compact bone and reduced mineralization
  • usually occurs in spine, pelvis, femur, and skull
  • rarely occurs before 40
    cause unknown

Males-
Pelvic inlet, narrower

  • Sciatic notch,narrower
  • pubic bones- narrower sub- pubic angle where two bones meet

Females

  • Pelvic inlet, open, circular
  • Sciatic notch, broader
  • pubic bones- wider angle where two bones meet
  • hip bones, more ourwordley flared