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Skeletal Per 1 Melissa Figuero - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal Per 1 Melissa Figuero
Names of Bones
cranium- frontal/ parietal/ sphenoid/ temporal/ nasal/ maxilla/ mandible/zygomatic/vomer
vertebrae- cervical/thoracic/lumbar
ribs- true ribs (7)/false ribs (5)/floating ribs (2)/ clavicle/ scapulae
arms- humerus/radius/ulna/carpals/metacarpals/phalanges
leg- femur/patella/tibia/fibula/tarsals/metatarsals/phalanges
Types of Bones
long- longer than they are wide; limbs
short- cube-shaped; vary in size and number; wrists/ankles/patella
flat- thin/flat/slightly curved; sternum/ribs/scapulae/skull bones
irregular- complicated shapes; vertebrae and hip bones
Bone Remodeling
bone deposit and bone resorption; osteoblasts vs osteoclasts
Bone Fracture Repair
four stages
hematoma formation- mass of clotted blood; swollen/painful
fibrocartilaginous callus formation- capillaries grow into hematoma and fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to connect broken ends
bony callus formation- callus converted to bony (hard) callus of spongy B
bone remodeling- the final structure resembles og structure
Joints and examples
Fibrous joints- bone joined by dense fibrous CT; no joint cavity; most are immovable; 3 types (sutures/syndesmoses/gomphoses)
sutures- interlocking joints of skull:star:; allows for growth
syndesmoses- B connected by ligaments/fibrous tissue; fiber length determines movement; strong collagen rich CT; inferior tibiofibular joint/membrane connecting radius & ulna :star:
gomphoses- peg in socket joints; teeth and alveolar sockets :star:
Cartilaginous joints- B united by C; no joint cavity; not highly movable
synchondroses- almost all are immovable; bar/plate of hyaline C that unites w B; temporary epiphyseal plate joints
sympheses- fibroC unites B in symphysis joint; intervertebral joints
Synovial joints- almost all limb joints; 6 general features; all freely movable
articular C- hyaline C covering ends of B
joint cavity- small/fluid filled
articular capsule- external fibrous layer/inner synovial membrane
synovial fluid- plasma that lubricates and nourishes articular C
dif. types of reinforcing ligaments; capsular/extracapsular/intracapsular
nerves and blood vessels- detect pain
Movements by Synovial Joints
Gliding
Angular- flexion/extension/hyperextension/abduction/ adduction
Rotation- medial/lateral
Special movements- supination;pronation/dorsiflexion;planter/inversion;eversion/protraction;retraction/elevation;depression/opposition
Disorders
osteomalacia- bones are poorly mineralized (weak)
osteoporosis- resorption exceeds deposit and causes holey trabeculae
pagets disease- excessive bone deposit/resorption; bone grows fast but develops poorly
Difference between male and female
males have stronger and thicker bones compared to females
Anatomy of Long Bone
diaphysis; tubular shaft
epiphyses; ends of long bones; covers compact bone externally and spongy bone internally
epuphyseal line; between diaphysis and epiphysis
membranes: periosteum (covers external surfaces); endosteum (CT membrane that covers internal bone)