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Study of Population 👫 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Distribution: Studies the distribution of the population in the world, its concentration or dispersion, and the factors that explain an occupation
      - Internal structure or composition: A population can be analysed from the perspective of sex or age, or on a socioeconomic level, such as by occupation or educational level.
      - Population characteristics can be studied at any time given.
    - - Natural changes: Made by biological factors (births and deaths).
      - Migratory movements / Migration: movements of people from one place to another.
      - A population can be studied from the point of view of its evolution over time, with increases and decreases.
  - - - Adult: (16-64): 26%
      - Eldery people (+65): 66%
      - Child (0-15): 8%
    - - Population main groups
        
        Active Population: People who can work and want work. This includes employed people (who are paid to work) and unemployed people (who is looking for work).
        
        Inactive Population: People that can't work for legal reasons or because they don't want work (for legal reasons).
      - Economical Sectors
        
        Secondary Sector: Responsible for the processing of natural products and is known as industry. It also includes the construction sector. In the developed countries this type of work exist since teh 19th century and now they dont exceed the 30%.
        
        Tertiary Sector: Offer all kinds of services, but who do not produce any goods. This sector is therefore very heterogeneous, as it includes activities such as trade, transport, education, healthcare, tourism, etc. In developed countries this sector ocuppies the 50% of the economical activities.
        
        Primary Sector: deals with obtaining resources directly from nature: fishing, agriculture, mining, forestry and livestock farming. In developing countris the majority works on this and in developed countries less than 10%
  - - - Municipal Registry: Document prepared by municipalities with data on the age, marital status, sex, address, level of education and economic activity of their inhabitants.
      - Civil Registry: Ministry of Justice records all births, deaths and marriages that take place in the country. It's compulsory to put these events in this registry.
      - Population Census: Official document of the INE that sets out the country's demographic data. Every 10 years is updated.
- - - - Number of deaths in one year / Total population × 1,000
      - Crude death rate of a population is the number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people. In developed countries it's below 10‰, and in developing countries is higher because poor sanitary conditions and hunger, that are caused because of poverty and wars.
    - - Less developed countries typically have a high infant mortality rate, where children under one year of age are more likely to suffer malnutrition and lack of medical care. Infant Mortality Rate complements to the Death Rate
      - Number of deaths of infants under one year old in a year / Total number of births in one year × 1,000
    - - This measure, which is an estimated average, expresses the number of years that a person can generally expect to live for from the moment of their birth. In general, women have a higher life expectancy than men.
        This indicator is also linked to development. In less developed countries, life expectancy is frequently below 50, while in developed countries it is about 80.
  - - - Positive Natural Increase: They're more births than deaths.
      - Negative Natural Increase: They're more deaths than births.
  - - - The crude birth rate of a population is the number of live births in a year per 1,000 people. Developed countries have rates lower than 20‰. Developing countries have higher birth rates, which can reach as high as 50‰.
      - Number of live births in one year / Total population × 1,000
    - - Relates the number of births in a place to the women who live there of a certain age profile. To calculate this rate, it is considered that women of reproductive age are between 15 and 49 years old. Rates below 1‰ typically correspond to developed countries, while in developing countries this rate exceeds 4‰.
      - Number of live births in one year / Number of women between 15 and 49 years old × 1,000
  - - - This took place in the 19th century and the first part of the 20th century in developed countries and continues today in the poorest countries.
      - The birth rate remains high.
      - The death rate is low, due to the general improvement of living conditions and, especially, due to advances in medicine.
      - Population growth is very large.
    - - This has been typical of developed countries since the second half of the 20th century.
      - The birth rate drops sharply as a result of sociological and cultural changes: the massive incorporation of women into work, new family models, the development of contraceptives and family planning.
      - The death rate remains low.
      - Growth is small or very small.
    - - This was in place until the 18th century in developed countries.
      - The birth rate is high.
      - The death rate is high due to poor food quality, and poor hygiene and health levels.
      - There are sharp increases in the death rate due to wars, famine and epidemics.
      - Population growth is small.
    - - This is the model towards which some developed countries are evolving and which could be the case more widely in the future.
      - The birth rate remains low, with some occasional slight spikes.
      - The death rate undergoes a moderate increase due to the ageing population.
      - The natural increase is negative because there are more deaths than births.
- - - - Seasonal: Migration than only lates a season or more. It is common in agriculture. For example, agricultural workers will work on a crop for one season, then afterwards, move to another place to work on a different seasonal crop. This occurs with grape harvests and strawberry picking.
      - Pendulum Migration: People commute everyday between their workplace, usually in the city, and the outskirts of urban areas, where they live.
      - Rural Exodus: When people goes from countryside to the cities in huge quantities.
  - - - Community loses many of its younger members and entrepreneurs.
      - Receives the money that emigrants send back to their families, which helps boost its economy.
    - - Increase in the population of young people of reproductive age, leading to an increase in birth rates. This contribuites to economic growth.
      - Arrival of people from different cultures leads to the cultural enrichment of the receiving areas.
    - - Changes the populatino size of one place.
    - - Illegal Migration
        
        Destination countries impose barriers and limitations to the free entry of immigrants, which sometimes causes immigrants to travel in an unsafe manner and risk their lives. In addition, when immigrants come to a country and live there illegally, as they are not legally recognised, they often suffer exploitation by corrupt criminal gangs and businesspeople.
      - Intagration Difficulty
        
        Sometimes, new inhabitants are rejected by the receiving population, which fears that immigrants may take job opportunities from them or receive social benefits from the government. Finally, if the culture of immigrants is very different, they may have greater difficulties in adjusting, making it difficult for them to integrate into society.