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Skeleton System Angel Martinez Anat/Phys I-1 P5 Franco - Coggle Diagram
Skeleton System Angel Martinez Anat/Phys I-1 P5 Franco
Name of all the bones
Axial: The skull, spine (vertebrae), ribcage
Skull
Zygomatic Bone(Cheek bone)
Maxilla(Upper Jaw)
Vomer Bone
Mandible(Lower Jaw)
Lacrimal Bone
Temporal(Temple)
Ethmoid
Sphenoid Bone(Wasp Bone)
Nasal Bone(Nasals)
Parietal Bone(Side of the Skull)
Frontal Bone(Forehead)
Occiptal Bone(Back of the head)
Sutures
Sagittal Suture
The sagittal suture is the cranial suture formed between the two parietal bones of the skull.
Coronal Suture
The coronal suture is the cranial suture formed between the two parietal bones and the frontal bone
Lamboid Suture
The lambdoid suture is the cranial suture formed between the occipital bone and the parietal bones.
Squamous Suture
The squamous suture is the cranial suture between the temporal and parietal bones
Thoracic Cage (Rib Cage)
Sternum
Body
Manibrium
Xiphoid Process
Ribs
True RIbs(1-7)
False Ribs(8-12)
Floating Ribs(11-12)
Spine/Vertebrae
Lumbar Vertebrae
The five lumbar vertebrae are numbered L1 to L5.
Sacrum
Composed of five (5) fused vertebrae; S1 - S5
Thoracic Vertebrae
The twelve thoracic vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12
Coccyx(Tail bone)
Coxal Bone (Hip/Pelvic Bone)
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Cervical Vertebrae
The seven cervical vertebrae are numbered C1 to C7
Appendicular: The bones of both the upper and lower limbs
Upper Limbs
Radius (Forearm Bone)
Carpal (Wrist bones)
Ulna (Forearm Bone)
Humerus (Upper Arm Bone)
Metacarpal (Hand Bones)
Phalanges (Finger Bones)
(Scapula)(Shoulder Blade)
(Clavicle) (Collarbone)
Lower Limbs
Fibula (Calf Bone)
Tibia (Shin Bone)
Femur (Thigh Bone)
Tarsal (Ankle Bones)
Talus (Ankle)
Calcaneus (Heel Bone)
Phalanges (Toe Bones)
Metatarsals (Foot Bones)
Patella (Kneecap)
Girdles
Pectoral Girdle
Scapulae (Shoulder Blades) and Clavicles (Collarbones)
Pelvic Girdle
Coxal Bones (Hip/Pelvic Bones); Ilium (top), Ischium (body), pubis (lower end)
Types of bones (and Examples)
Long bone
Examples: Arm and Leg bones
Characteristics: Long with expanded ends
Short Bone
Characteristics: Almost equal in length and width;
Examples: Wrist and Ankle Bones
Flat Bone
Characteristics: plate-like shape with broad surface
Examples: Ribs, Scapula, Flattened skull bones
Irregular
Characteristics: Varied shape
Examples: Vertebrae, some facial bones, and Hip Bones
Anatomy of the Long Bone
Diaphysis
Medullary Cavity
Endosteum
Periosteum
Yellow Marrow
Compact Bone
Distal Epiphysis
Articular Cartilage
Proximal Epiphysis
Epiphyseal Line
Spongy Bone
Articular Cartilage
Spaces Containing Red Marrow
Bone remodeling
: is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton and new bone tissue is formed
Reversal: when mononuclear cells appear on the bone surface;
Formation: when osteoblasts lay down new bone until the resorbed bone is completely replaced.
Resorption: during which osteoclasts digest old bone
Bone Fracture Repair
Bone generation:Though fragments of the blood clot may remain, fibroblasts and osteoblasts enter the area and begin to reform bone.
Bony callous formation:The fibrocartilaginous callus is converted into a bony callus of spongy bone.
Hematoma formation:The severed blood vessels at the broken ends of the bone are sealed by the clotting process
Bone remodeling: Compact bone is added to create bone tissue that is similar to the original,this remodeling can take many months and remain uneven for years.
Differences between Male and Female Skeleton
Female
Hip bones are lighter and thinner
Female obturactor formina is triangular
Females have a shorter skeleton
Have angled shoulders
Wider pelvis region
Coccyx is movable
Male
Men have hip bones which are much heavier and wider
Male obturactor formina is more oval
Men have larger arms and legs
Have larger heads/skulls
Have wider and higher shoulders
Coccyx is projected inward and is immovable
Joints
: Enable a wide variety of body movements, bind parts of the body together, make bone growth possible, and permit shape changes during childbirth
Classifications
Structural Classification
Fibrous: composed of dense connective tissue
Most are immovable, such as the sutures of the skull, some slightly movable like joint between fibula and tibula
Cartilaginous:composed of cartilage
Connected by either hyaline or fibrocartilage
Example: the first rib with the sternum
Synovial:having a complex structure
Are diarthrotic (allow free movement)Most joints of the skeleton are synovial joints
Functional Classification
Amphiarthrotic (Slightly Movable)
Diarthrotic (Freely Movable)
Synarthrotic (Immovable)
Classification of Synovial Joints
Hinge joint
Allows movement in 1 plane (uniaxial), like hinge of a door
Examples: the elbow and joints between phalanges
A convex surface of a bone fits into a concave surface of another
Pivot (trochoid) joint
Allows only rotation around central axis (uniaxial)
Examples: joint between the dens of the axis and the atlas
A cylindrical surface rotates within a ring of bone and ligament
Condylar (ellipsoidal) joint
Permits back and forth and side to side movements within 2 planes (biaxial), but not rotation
Examples: joints between metacarpals and phalanges
Consists of an ovoid condyle fitting into an elliptical cavity
Saddle (sellar) joint
Permits a variety of movements, mostly in 2 planes (biaxial)
Example: the joint between the trapezium (carpal) and the metacarpal of the thumb
Found between bones that have both concave and convex areas
Ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joint
Allows widest range of motion, including movement in all planes
Examples: the shoulder and hip joints
Consists of a bone with a globular or egg-shaped head articulating with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone
Plane (gliding) joint
Allows a sliding or twisting movement (nonaxial)
Examples: joints of the wrist and ankle
Articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Rotation:movement of a part around an axis
Circumduction: movement of a part so its end follows a circular path
Plantar flexion: ankle movement that moves the foot farther from the shin; points the toes
Pronation:rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing downward or posteriorly
Dorsiflexion:ankle movement that brings the foot closer to the shin
Supination:rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing upward or anteriorly
Adduction:moving a body part toward the midline
Inversion:turning the sole (plantar surface) of the foot medially
Abduction:moving a body part away from the midline
Eversion:turning the sole (plantar surface) of the foot laterally
Hyperextension: straightening beyond normal anatomical position
Protraction:moving a part of the body forward
Lateral flexion: bending the head, neck, or trunk to the side
Retraction:moving a part of the body backward
Extension: straightening parts at a joint, so that the angle between them increases
Elevation:raising a part of the body
Flexion: bending parts at a joint, so that the angle between them decreases
Depression:lowering a part of the body
Disorders
Osteoporosis
This disease causes the loss of bone mass and density, which makes your bones easily susceptible to breaks or fractures. Unfortunately, osteoporosis degrades your bones progressively over time
Rickets
Rickets, a bone disease that affects children, is the weakening of bones caused by a vitamin D deficiencyThis leads to a softening or weakening of the bone structure overall, which can cause easy breaks and fractures.
Paget's Disease
This skeletal disease causes new bone tissue to grow too rapidly, which causes bones to become misshapen or fragile. This also makes them more susceptible to easy breakage or fractures.
Hip Dysplasia
Hip dysplasia can cause hips to be easily dislocated. When diagnosed in infancy, hip dysplasia can often be corrected with a soft brace. However, if detected later in life, it may require surgery to adjust any bones and provide proper movement.