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Imogen Ecal Per.1 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Imogen Ecal Per.1 Skeletal System
Bones (anatomical & common terms)
Axial Skeleton: skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
Thoracic Cage
Ribs
(scapula)
Sternum
(clavicle)
Vertebral
Cervical
Atlas
Axis
Coxal bone
Thoracic
Coccyx
Lumbar
Sacrum
Skull
Maxilla
Mandible: jaw
Temporal
Zygomatic: upper cheek
Parietal
Nasal
Frontal (forehead)
Appendicular Skeleton: upper & lower extremities
Upper Limb
Carpal (wrist)
Metacarpal
Radius
phalanges
Ulna
scapula
Humerus (upper arm)
clavicele
Lower Limb
femur: upper leg bone
fibula
tarsal
calcaneus
talus
tibia
metatarsal
phalanges
patella (kneecap)
Male & Female Skeleton Differences
female pelvis is wider than a males'
female bones are smoother than a males'
female torsos are wider
arms and legs of males are longer
women are typically shorter
men have larger heads
Bone Remodeling
Osteoblasts = resorption: break down matrix
Osteoblasts = bone deposit: new bone matrix deposited by osteoblasts
Joints (examples)
Fibrous joints:
syndesmoses: bones connected by ligaments
Gomphoses: peg-in-socket joints
sutures: interlocking joints of the skull
Cartilaginous joints:
Synchondroses: bar/plate of hyaline cartilage that unites bones (most are immovable)
Symphyses: fibrocartilage
Synovial joints:
plane (gliding movement): carpal and tarsal
ball and socket: hip and shoulder
saddle: thumb
condylar: between radius and carpal bones
pivot: neck (vertebrae)
hinge: elbow
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Angular Movements
Hyper-extension: movement beyond anatomical position
Abduction: movement along frontal plane, away from mid-line
Extension: increases the angle of the joint
Abduction: movement along frontal plane, toward mid-line
Flexion: decreases the angle of the joint
Circumduction: involves flexion, abduction, extension, & adduction of limb
Rotational Movements
Medial: rotation toward mid-line
Lateral: rotation away from mid-line
Gliding Movements
Gliding: gliding
Special Movements
Supination: palms face anteriorly
Pronation: palms face posteriorly
Dorsiflexion: bending foot toward shin
Plantar flexion: pointing toes
Inversion: sole of foot faces medially
Eversion: sole of foot faces laterally
Protraction: mandible juts out
Retraction: mandible is pulled toward neck
Elevation: lifting body part superiorly
Depression: lowering body part
Opposition: movement of thumb
Disorders
Rickets: deformities from enlarged & abnormally long bone ends
Osteoporosis: bone mass declines, bone resorption exceeds deposit
Osteomalacia: bones are not mineralized good = soft & weak bones
Paget's Disease: excessive bone deposit & resorption
Types of Bones (examples)
Short Bone: squat & cubed shape (carpals in wrist & tarsal in ankles)
Flat Bone: flattened & broad surface (ribs, shoulder blades, breast bone, & skull bones)
Long Bone: long & thin shape (humerus (upper arm & femur (upper leg))
Irregular Bone: any other shape (bones of the spine (vertebrae))
Anatomy of Long Bone
Diaphysis: long axis of bone (shaft)
Epiphyses: end part of long bone
compact bone
spongy bone
yellow bone marrow
articular cartilage
Bone Fracture Repair
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation:
Bony Callus Formation: new trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus (continues until firm union forms)
Bone remodeling: excess removed and shaft walls are reconstructed after compact bone is laid down
Hematoma formation: hemorrhage from torn blood vessels create mass of clotted blood