Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Andy Rico P.6 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Andy Rico P.6 Skeletal System
Names of all the bones
The skeletal system is divided into two sections
The Appendicular skeleton:
Lower limb
Leg
Femur (Thigh bone)
Fibula(calf bone)
Tibia (Shin bone)
Patella (Kneecap)
Feet
Tarsal (ankle bones)
Calcaneus (Heel bone)
talus (ankle bone)
Metatarsal (Foot bones)
Phalanges (Toe bones)
Pelvic Girdles
Coaxal bone (Pelvic bones)
Ilium bone (Pelvic bone)
Ischium bone (sit bone)
Pubic bone (Pubis bone)
Sacrum (Fused vertebrae)
Coccyx (tailbone)
Upper limb
Clavicle (Collar bone)
scapula (shoulder blade)
Arm
Radius (Lower arm bone)
Ulna (Lower arm bone)
Humerus (Upper arm bone)
Hand
Carpal (Wrist bone)
Metacarpal (Hand bone)
Phalanges (finger bone)
The Axial skeleton
vertebral column (spine)
Cervical vertebrae (Neck vertebrae)
Axis (the second cervical vertebra
Atlas (the first cervical vertebra)
Thoracic vertebrae ( Chest vertebrae)
Lumbar vertebrae ( Lower back vertebrae)
Thoracic cage (rib cage)
Ribs
False ribs ( 5 lower pair)
True ribs ( First 7 pairs)
Floating ribs (vertebral ribs)
Sternum (Breast bone )
Articular cartilage (Joins the ribs with the sternum)
Cranium ( Skull)
The skull is divided in many bones and sutures
Temporal bone (Temple)
Maxilla bone (upper jaw)
Parietal bone (side of skull)
Mandible bone (lower jaw)
Frontal bone (forehead)
Zygomatic bone (cheek bone)
Nasal bone (nose bone)
Squamos suture ( Divides the temporal bone and the parietal bone)
Coronal sutures (Divides the frontal and parietal)
Saggital suture( Divides the Parietal bone)
lamboid suture ( Divide the occipital bone from the parietal bone)
Occipital bone (back of skull)
Joints
The joints are also called articulations,are a site were two or more bones meet. The function of the joint is to give the skeletal system mobility and holds the skeleton together. There are 2 classification of joints
Structural: There is 3 subdivision of structural joints that depend on the type of material binds with the joint and whether there is a cavity present
Cartilaginous
These joints are connected by cartilage, and is not highly movable. There is 2 types of cartilaginous
Synchondroses
It is a plate of hyaline cartilage that unites the bone. Almost all of these joints are consider to be immovable. Examples of this type of jont are the temporary epiphyseal plate joints or the cartilage of the 1st rib
Symphyses
This joint is united by fibrocartilage. This type of joint is consider to be slightly movable. Some examples are: intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis
Synovial
The bone is separated by synovial fluid. They have free mobility and include almost all limbs. Synovial joints have specific characteristics.
Stability's influenced by three factors
Allows for many types of movement
Have bursae and tendon sheaths associated with them
Bursae:It reduces the friction of ligaments, muscles,skin,bone,rub together
Tendon sheaths: It elongates the bursae wrapped completely around tendons
Classified into six different types
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condylar
Saddle
Ball-and-socket
Have six general features
Articular (joint) capsule:Is two layers thick
External fibrous layer:Is made out of dense connective tissue
Inner synovial membrane: Made out of loose connective tissue that make synovial fluid
Synovial fluid
A viscous and slippery liquid that lubricates the articular cartilage
Joint (synovial) cavity: A cavity filled with fluid specific to synovial joints
Different types of reinforcing ligaments
Extracapsular: outside the capsule
Intracapsular: deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane
Capsular: thickened part of fibrous layer
Articular Cartilage:It consist of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of the bones. This helps prevents crushing or damage
Nerves and blood vessels
The nerves detect pain, and the capillaries filtrate the synovial fluid
Articulardiscs (menisci): The fibrocartilage seperates articular surface
Fatty pads: It cushions between the fibrous layer and synovial membrane
Fibrous
In the fibrous joints, the joints are connected to dense fibrous connective tissue, there is no joint cavity and most of them are immovable but this will depend on the length of the connective tissue. There is also 3 types of fibrous
Syndesmoses
This joint is held together by ligaments and bands of fibrous tissue. The length of the fiber varies and so well the amount of movement the joint can produce. Examples of this type of joint are the inferior tibiofibular joint
Gomphoses
This joint is consider to be ¨peg and socket¨ fibrous joint. The only example is the one that holds the tooth
Sutures
The suture is made out of rigid interlocking joints of the skull. This allows for growth during the youth but stops growing and ossify during middle age. Examples of the types of sutures are the coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoidal suture found in the skull
Functional: There is 3 subdivision determine by the type of movement that the joint allows
Synarthroses: immovable joints
Amphiarthroses: slightly movable joints
Diarthroses: freely movable joints
Anatomy of the long bone
All of the long bones such as the humerus, femur, radius, fibula etc. Have there own specific anatomy such as the Diaphysis and Epiphyses
Diaphysis
The Diaphysis is known as the shaft of the long bone. The Diaphysis consist of many other structures found in within.
Medullary cavity
The medullary cavity is found within the diaphysis and is surrounded by compact bone. The medullary cavity also hold the yellow bone marrow
Compact Bone
The compact bone surrounds the medullary cavity, is found within the diaphysis and itself is also surrounded by the Periosteum membrane
Epiphyses
The Epiphyses is found at the end of the long bone. Becuase of there location there is distal and proximal epiphyses
Within the epiphyses there is spongy bone which is coverd by compact bone and between the compact and spongy bone there is a endosteum membrane.The top portion and bottom portion of the epiphyses is coverd but what is knwon as the articular cartilage.
Epiphyseal plate
This serves to divide the Diaphysis and the Epiphyses. It starts out as a Epiphyses plate but in later in adulthood it becomes the epiphyseal line
Bone remodeling
The process of bone remodeling consist of two steps bone deposit and bone resorption. Bone remodeling occurs at the surface of both the periosteum and endosteum.
Bone resorption
Bone resorption is done by the osteoclasts. In this processes, the osteoclasts dig depressions or groves by breaking down the matrix. This is achieved by using a series of: secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons that digest the matrix. The acidity converts the calcium and slats found in the bone into solubles
Bone Deposit
The bone deposits are achieved by utilizing the osteoblast which creates a new bone matrix that is later deposit in the sites were there was bone resorption
The remodeling units are: packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts coordinate remodeling process
Types of bones
Bones are classified depending on there shape. There are 4 types of bones
Short Bones
Short bones approximately have the same width and length making them have a cube shape, there purpose is to provide stability and movement. Examples of short bones are carpals and tarsals
There is also a subdivision which is known as the sesamoid bones which is a bone formed between tendons such as the patellae
Flat Bones
The flat bones are flat with broad surface and its purpose is to protect the organs they encase. Examples of flat bones are: the skull, ribs, the scapula and the sternum.
Irregular bones
In Irregular bones, there shape differs from one another and does not fit within the other categories, they also help protect organs. Examples of irregular bones are: The vertebrae and sacrum
Long Bones
Long bones have more height than width there purpose is to facilitate movement and support body weight. Examples of long bones are: femur, humerus, radius, ulna, fibula, tibia,metacarpal, metatarsal, and phlangelas
Bone fracture repair
Due to the activities we do during the day, are bones are constantly begin used to produce movement however at any point in doing a rigors task, are bones can suffer a fracture, that must be repaired. There are 2 ways in which the bone can be treated and repaired
Reduction
Open reduction
In this reduction, this one is through surgical intervention by using wires and surgical pins to secure the ends
Closed reduction
In this type of reduction the doctor will align the bone
Immobilization
In immobilization, the bone is placed in the cast with the purpose of not allowing the broken bone to move and allowing the body to fix it through a process that has 4 main steps.
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation :
During this step, capillaries start to grow into the hematoma, the phagocytic cells start to clear debri such as pices from the bones. The Fibroblasts will start to secret collagen fibers that will connect the broken end of the bones. In addition the fibroblasts, carilage and the osteogenic will start to form a new matrix, and the spongy bone found within. The mass produce is called a fibrocartilaginous callus.
Bony callus formation
Within a week from when the original fracture occurred, a new trabecule will start to form in the fibrocartilaginous callus. This callus is converted into bony or hard callus. However this bony callus takes approximately 2 month until the union forms
Hematoma formation
The broken bones blood vessels start to produce a hemorrhage, with starts to clot and forma a mass called a hemotoma. During this process the site of the break will be swollen, painful and inflamed
Bone remodeling
This steps begin during the formation of the bony callus and continues for several month. During the processes the excess materials in the diaphysis and in the medullary cavity is removed. The compact bone is formed within the broken part of the bone. After the remodelation the fracture bone portion resembles the original
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
There are 3 types of general movements in addition to special movements that can be done by the synovial joints
Angular movements
This type of movement increases or decreases the angle between two bones. This movements happens along the saggital plane. There are many types of angular movements such as:
Flexion: It decreases the angle of the joint
Extension:Increases the angle of the joint
Hypertension: Movement beyond the anatomical position
Abduction: Movement along frontal plane (away from the midline)
Circumduction: It involves the movements of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction of limb.. It creates a cone space
Adduction: Movement along frontal plane (towards the mideline)
Rotation
The turning of the bone along its own axis, towards mid line or away from it
Lateral: Rotation away from the mid line
Medial: Rotation towards the mid line
Gliding
The flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface. The example of this type of movements can be found in the Intercarpal joints, Intertarsal joints, and in between articular processes of vertebrae
Special movment
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion: It occurs in the foot
Dorsiflexion: bending the foot toward the shin
Plantar flexion: Pointing toes
Inversion and eversion: Also occures in the foot
Inversion: The sole of the faces towards the midline
Eversion: sole of the foot faces towards the side
Supination and pronation: Is the rotation of the radius and the Ulna
Pronation: palms face posteriorly
Supination: The palms face anteriorly
Protraction and retraction: Movement in the lateral plane
Retraction:The mandible is pulled towards the neck
Protraction:The mandible juts out
Elevation and depression: occurs in the mandible
Elevation: Lifting body part up
Depression : Lowering the body part
Opposition: Movement in the thumb
Differences between male and female skeleton
The skeletal system is found in both ,ales and females and is serves the same functions, however this does not mean that the male skeleton is identical to the female skeleton, there are some key differences
Male
Male skeleton are often more rough, thick and appears to have more bumps. This is due to the fact that the male muscles tend top be heavier and need more support from the skeletal system
The male pelvis has more of a oval/ heart shape and the angle of the pubic arc is less than 90 degrees
The have Squarer eye sockets (orbits)
Female
A Female skeleton tends to be smoother and les knoby than the male skeleton
The female pelvis is broader and has more of a round shape and its pubic are is more than 90 degrees
They have Round eye sockets (orbits)
Disorders
The imbalance between bone deposit and bone resorption may cause for disorders in the bone and affect the skeletal system.
Osteoporosis
It is a group of disease in which bone resorption exceeds the deposits. This causes the bone mass to decline. The bones that are more susceptible are the spongy bone of the vertebrae and the femur
Risk Factors
Affects 30% of women between the ages 60-70 because estrogen plays a great role in controlling bone density, this is the same reason why men don't often get it as they are protected by the testosterone. Additional risk factors are insufficient exercise, a poor diet that does not have enough protein and calcium, smoking, genetics and hormone related conditions
Treating
The treatment for osteoporosis are: Calcium, Vitamin D supplement, weight bearing exercise, hormone replacement therapy. In addition to non-traditional such as the ingestion of certain drugs such as:Bisphosphonates or Denosumab
Preventing
In order to prevent osteoporosis we must have plenty of calcium in are adulthood, reduce the consumption of carbonated beverages and alcohol and plenty of weight bearing exerciser
Paget’s disease
In the paget´s disease there is an excessive amount of bone deposit and resorption that causes the bone to grow fast but uncontrollably. This disease usually affects the spine, pelvic,femur and skull. This diseases occurs to people over 40 and has a unknown cause and the treatment includes calcitonin and bisphosphonates.
Osteomalacia and rickets
Osteomalacia
In the case of Osteomalacia, the bone are poorly mineralized, the osteoid is produce but the calcium salts are not adequately deposited, results in soft weak bones which causes pain when the bone is placed weight.
Rickets
In rickets the disease results in bone deformities such as bowed legs, this is caused because the bone ends are enlarged and abnormally long. This is caused due to a Vitamin D deficiency