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Skeletal System - Eternity Vasquez - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System - Eternity Vasquez
Cartilage in Skeletal System
Hyaline
provides support, flexibility, and resilience
contains ONLY collagen fiber
joints, costal (ribs), larynx, and nasal cartilage (nose tip)
- Elastic
like hyaline cartilage; contains elastic fibers
External ear & epiglottis
- Fibrocartilage
thick collagen fibers
menisci of knee; vertebral discs
Growth of Cartilage
- Appositional Growth
New matrix is laid down on surface of cartilage
Cartilage cells in perichondrium
- Interstitial Growth
Chondrocytes are in lacunae, divides and secretes new matrix
New matrix is made within cartilage
cartilage occurs during normal bone growth in youth and in old age
Cartilage that is hardened is NOT the bone
Functions of Bones
1. Support
: For the body and soft organs (keeps the body upright)
2. Protection
: protects the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs
3. Movement
: Levers for muscle action
4. Mineral & Growth Factor Storage
: Calcium and phosphorus and growth factors reservoir
5. Blood Cell Formation :
Hematopoiesis occurs in red marrow cavities of certain bones
6. Triglyceride ( Fat ) Storage:
Fat, <- Used for energy source , stored in bone cavities
7. Hormone Production
: Osteocalcin secreted by bones helps to regulate insulin secretion, glucose levels and metabolism
Classification of Bones
Axial Skeleton:
*Long, axis of the body
*Skull, vertebrae column, rib cage
Apprendicular Skeleton
: * bones of upper and lower limbs (arms and legs)
girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton
Shapes of the bones
1. Long Bones: *
LONGer than they are wide
limb bones (arms and legs)
2. Short Bones
: * cube shaped bones,,,sesamoid ( bones not attached to another bone) bones form within tendons
3. Flat Bones:
* thin, flat, slightly curved,,, like the sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones
4. Irregular Bones
: * complicated shapes,,, vertebrae and hip bones
Gross
( Bone structure) :
- Compact Bone:
(lamellar bone)- dense outer layer on every bone that's smooth and solid
Sponge Bone
: made of trabeculae open spaces are filled with red and yellow bone marrow
Structure of Long Bone
Diaphysis:
forms the long axis (the long middle potion, outer)
compact bone surrounds medullary cavity(middle inner portion) that is filled with yellow marrow (in adults)
Epiphyses:
the ends of long bones of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally
between diaphysis and epiphyses is the epiphyseal line
Membranes
Periosteum
: white, double layered membrane that covers the external surfaces except for joints
Fibrous Layer:
outer layer of dense irregular that secure to bone matrix
Osteogenic Layer:
inner layer, contains primitive osteogenic stem cells that give rise to mostly all bone cells
Endosteum:
covers trabeculae of spongy bone
lines canals that pass through compact bone
like the periosteum; has ostegenic cells that differentiate into other bone cells
Red Marrow
located in trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploe of flat bones like the sternum
if person become anemic, yellow marrow can convert to red
Bone Markings
- Projection:
outward bulge of bone
Depression
: bowl - or groove like cut out that serve as passageways for vessels and nerves
Openings
: hold and canal in bone that serves as passage for blood vessels and nerves
Microscopic Anatomy
1. OsteoGENIC Cells
active stem in periosteum and endosteum,,,, stimulated
2. OsteoBLAST:
builds bone
bone formed cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called OSTEOID
3. OsteoCYTES
cuts down bone
mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide
communicate info to osteoblasts and osteoclasts ( <- cells that destroy bone) so that remodeling can occur
4. Bone - Lining Cells
flat cells on bone surfaces that also help maintain matrix
5. Osteoclasts
derived from some hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages
giant, multinucleate cells function in bone resorption ( breakdown of bone)
Osteon:
structural unit of compact bone
osteon cylinder has several rings of bone matrix
withstands stress and resist twisting
Canals and Canaliculi
Central ( Haversion) Canals
: runs through core of osteon
Perforating (Volksman) Canal
: lined with endosteum that occurs at night angles to central canal
Lacunae:
small cavities that contain osteocytes
Canaliculi
: connects lacune to each other and central canal
matrix hardened and cells trapped the canaliculi form< it allows communication between osteocytes of osteon and permit nutrients and wastes to be relayed from one cell to another
Bone Development
Ossification is the process of bone tissue formation
bone remodeling and repair are life long
Formation of Bony Skeleton
- Endochondral osification
bone forms by replacing hyaline
bones called cartilage (endochondral) bones
form most of skeleton
Intramembranous ossification
bone develop from fibrous membrane
are called membrane bones
forms frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and clavicle bones
Growth in width
growing bones widen as they lengthen through apposition growth
when bones thicken, increased stress from muscle activity or added weight
builds up
Fracture Classification
fractures are breaks or crack
Nondisplaced:
ends are out of normal position
Displaced
: ends are out of normal alignment
Complete
: broken all the way through
Incomplete:
not broken all the way through
Compound (open)
: skin is penetrated
Simple (closed):
skin is not penetrated
Cartilaginous Joints
bones are united by cartilage
not very movable
two types are synchondroses and symphyses
Types of Fractures
- Comminuted
: little / shattered pieces
- Compresion:
bone is crushed
- Spiral:
twisting
- Epiphyseal:
separated from diaphysis
- Depressed
: broken bone is pressed inward
Greenstick:
bone breaks incompletely; one side breaks, other side bends
Fracture Treatment and Repair
Hematoma Formation
Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation
Bony Callus Formation
Bone Remodeling
Bone Disorders
Osteomalacia and Rickets
Osteoporosis
Paget's Disease
Movements
-
Synarthroses
: immovable joints
- Amphiarthrosis:
slightly moveable joints
- Diarthrosis
Freely movable
Fibrous Joints
NO joint cavity
immovable
has sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
Synovial Joints
most abdunant
freely movable
limb joints
Types of Synovial Joints
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condylar
Saddle
Ball and Socket
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
- origin
: attached to immovable bone
insertion
: attach to movable bones
- nonaxial :
slipping movements only
uniaxial
: movement in on e plane
biaxial
: movement in two planes
muliaxial :
movement in ll three planes
Angular Movement
Flexion: decreases angle of joint
Extension: increases angle of joint
Hyperextension : movement beyond the anatomical position
abduction : away from midline
adduction : toward the midline
Circumduction : circular motion
Rotation: turning of bone
Medial : rotation toward midline
Lateral : rotation away from midline
Special Movements:
supination : palms face anteriorly
pronation: palms face posteriorly
Dorsiflexion : bending foot toward shin
Plantaflexion : pointing toes
Inversion : foot faces medially
Eversion : foot faces laterally
Protraction : mandible juts out
Retraction : mandible is pulled toward neck
Elevation: lifting body part
depression: lowering body part
opposition: putting thumb finger tip to other figer tips