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Concept Map (Skeletal System) By: Andrew Sanchez-Vasquez Period:5 - Coggle…
Concept Map (Skeletal System) By: Andrew Sanchez-Vasquez Period:5
Names of All the Bones(Anatomy Terms and Common Terms)
Arms(Scapula,clavicle,humerus,radius and ulna, control movement at the elbow, forearm, wrist, and fingers)
Hands(wrist bones (carpals), metacarpals and phalanges, help with cortical mechanisms)
Chest(Ribs,Sternum,Provides protection for vital organs and provides stability of the shoulder girdles and upper arms)
Pelvis(Help with childbirth and support abdominal organs,hip bones)
Spine(Cervical,Thoracic and Lumbar vertebrae, Sacrum and tailbone (Coccyx),support your central support structure, helps with body movement)
Legs( thigh bone (femur), kneecap (patella), shin bone (tibia) and fibula, used to walk and make the legs stand)
Skull(22 bones,8 cranial and 14 facial bones, provide protection and structure)
Feet(tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges, help perform activities like walking, running, and jumping)
Types of Bone and Examples
Round(Small,Nodular Bones, Patella)
Flat(Plate-like shape with broad surface, Ribs,Scapula,Flattened Skull Bones)
Short(Almost equal in length and width, Bones of the Wrist and Ankles)
Irregular(Varied Shape, Vertebrae, Some Facial Bones)
Long(With expanded ends, Arms,Leg Bones)
Anatomy of the Long Bone
Distal Epihysis(Covered in articular cartilage,enables bones to move at joints without grinding on each other,
Diaphysis(Hollow,Cylindrical shape,thick,compact, provide strong support without cumbersome weight)
Periosteum(Membrane with a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer,helps with bone growth)
Yellow Marrow(Produce cartilage, fat and aid in storage of fat in cells)
Medullary Cavity(Holds the bone marrow, supply calcium and formation of red blood cells and white blood cells)
Endosteum(Covers the inside of bones, and surrounds the medullary cavity)
Red Marrow(Red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells are created, located in proximal epiphysis)
Spongy Bone(Forms blood cells, supplies nutrients to osteocytes, and removes wastes.
Epiphyseal Lines(Ossified, Boundary between epiphysis and diaphysis)
Articular Cartilage(Thin Layer of connective tissue, provide a smooth,lubricated surface for low friction)
Bone Remodeling
Reparative Stage(Starts within about a week of the injury. A soft callus replaces the blood clot that formed in the inflammatory stage, The callus holds the bone together, but isn't strong enough for the body part to be used, The callus hardens about 2-6 weeks)
Remodeling Stage(Starts around 6 weeks after the injury, In this stage, regular bone replaces the hard callus, the bone is reshaped )
Inflammatory Stage(The body sends out signals for special cells to come to the injured area,Some of these special cells cause the injured area to become inflamed (red, swollen, and painful)
Bone Fracture Repair
Experimental Bone Repair ( Include Cartilage grafts and infusions of stem cells)
Modern Technology( Rods,Wires and nails,lighter and smaller, built of titanium)
Casts( Since 1876, doctors also began to use screws and plates)
Joints and Examples
Condylar(Oval-Shaped condyle of one bone articulates with elliptical cavity of another, Variety of movement in two planes,but no rotation, Joints between metacarpals and phalanges)
Plane(Nearly Flat or Slightly curved, Sliding and Twisting, Joints between various bones of the wrist and ankle, joints between the ribs 2 to 7 and sternum)
Ball-and-Socket(Ball-Shaped head of one bone articulates with cup-shaped cavity of another, movement in all planes, including rotation, Shoulder, Hip)
Hinge(Convex Surface of one bone articulates with concave surface with another, flexion and extension, Elbow, Joints of the phalanges)
Cartilaginous(Connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage, limited movement, as when back is bent or twisted, joints between the bodies of vertebrae, pubic symphysis)
Pivot(Cylindrical surface of one bone articulates with ring of bone and ligament, rotation around a central axis, joints between the atlas and dens of the axis)
Fibrous(Thin Layer,Slight Twisting,Suture between bones of skull)
Saddle(Both Concave and Convex regions, variety of movements, mainly in two planes, Joint between the carpal and metacarpal of thumb)
Movement Allowed by Synovial Joints
Circumduction(Movement of a part so its end follows a circular path)
Rotation(Movement of a part around an axis)
Pronation(Rotation of Forearm so the palm faces downward)
Plantar Flexion(Ankle Movement that moves foot farther from the shin; points the toes)
Supination(Rotation of Forearm so palm faces upward)
Inversion(Turning the sole; plantar surface of the foot medially)
Dorsiflexion(Ankle Movement brings foot closer to the shin)
Adduction(Moving a body part toward the midline)
Eversion(Turing the sole,plantar surface; of the foot laterally)
Abduction(Moving a body part away from midline)
Protraction(Moving part of the body forward)
Hyper Extension(Straightening beyond normal anatomical position)
Retraction(Moving a part of the body backward)
Lateral Flexion(Bending at Head,Neck, or trunk to the side)
Extension (Straightening parts at a joint, the angle increases)
Elevation(Raises a part of the body)
Depression(Lowers a part of the body)
Flexion (Bending Part at joint, the angle is decreases)
Differences between Male and Female Skeleton
Male
Coccyx( Not as movable like the female)
Sacrum( Not as wide as the female)
Male Skeleton(Thicker, rougher and appears more bumpy, larger muscles and stronger attachment sites than the female)
Pelvic( Not as wide and more funnel-shaped compared to the female)
Hip Bones(Thicker, Heavier and contain more evidence of muscular attachments)
Female
Sacrum( Wider than the male´s)
Pelvic Cavity( Wider and less funnel-shaped compare to the male)
Coccyx(More movable than male)
Female Skeleton( Smoother and Less Knobby than a male´s, different types of hormones, genital structure)
Hip Bones(Thinner,Lighter and contain less evidence of muscular attachments)
Disorders
Osteoporosis(Causes the loss of bone mass and density, which makes your bones easily susceptible to breaks or fractures, common disease that affects tens of millions of Americans,and typically affects women over the age of 50)
Paget´s Disease(Causes new bone tissue to grow too rapidly, which causes bones to become fragile,more frequently occurs in older patients and in patients who have the disease in their family history)
Rickets(Bone disease that affects children, is the weakening of bones caused by a vitamin D deficiency,softening or weakening of the bone structure overall, which can cause easy breaks and fractures)
Hip Dysplasia(Often diagnosed early in infancy,cause hips to be easily dislocated)