Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Skelatal McKenzie Nazionale P1 - Coggle Diagram
Skelatal
McKenzie Nazionale
P1
Name of Bones
hands: carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
arm: clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna
chest: sternum, clavicle, true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs
spine: lumbar vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, cervical vertebrae
pelvis: iliac crest, illium, sacrum, coccyx, pubic arch, ischium
leg: femur, patella, tibia, fibula
foot: tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
skull: frontal, parietal, zygomatic, nasal, mandible, occipital, temporal, maxillae
Disorders
Osteomalacia
bones are poorly mineralized
osteoid is produced but calcium salts aren't deposited
soft/weak bones
pain on bearin weight
Rickets
bowed legs & other bone deformities due to bone ends enlarged & too large
cause+ vitamin D deficiency/insufficient dietary calcium
Osteoporosis
group of diseases where bone resorption exceeds deposit
matrix remains normal & bone mass declines
Paget's Disease
spine/pelvis/femur/skull
cause is unknown
excessive & haphazard bone deposit & resorption to bone grow fast & poor development (pagetic bone)
treatment= calcitonin & bisphosphonates
Types of Bones
flat bones: thin/flat/slight curve
irregular bones: complicated shapes
short bones: cube shaped
long bones: long/wide
compact bone: dense outer layer on smooth/solid bones
spongy bone: honeycomb of small needle/flat pieces of trabeculae
Joints
Structural Joints
Fibrous
syndesmoses
gomphoses
sutures
Cartilaginous
Synchodroses
Symphyses
Synovial
pivot
condylar
hinge
saddle
plane
ball-and-socket
Functional Joints
Amphiarthroses (slight movement)
Diarthroses (free movement)
Synarthroses (immovable)
Long Bone Anatomy
diaphysis
=tubular shaft forms axis of bone
epiphyses
=ends of long bones compact external & spongy internal
shaft (
diaphysis
), bone ends (
epiphyses
), &
membranes
epiphyseal
line is between diaphysis & epiphyses
Bone Remodeling
resorption is function of osteoclasts
dig depressions/grooves as they break down matrix
secrete lysosomal enzymes & protons digest matrix
acidity converts calcium salts to soluble forms
osteoclasts also phagocytize demineralized matrix & dead osteocytes
consists of bone deposit & bone resorption
occurs at surfaces of periosteum & endosteum
remodeling units= packets of adjacent osteoblasts & osteoclasts coordinate remodeling process
bone deposit= new bone matrix deposited by osteoblasts
Bone Fracture Repair
4 stages
fibrocartilage callus formation
bony callus formation
Hematoma formation
bone remodeling
involves reduction, realignment of broken bone ends
Synovial Joint Allowed Movements
the way bones connect
origin (attached to immovable bone)
insertion (attachment to movable bone)
range of motion
unaxial (one plane)
biaxial (two planes)
nonaxial (slipping)
multiaxial (three planes)
general movements
angular movement
extension (increase angle in joint)
hyper-extension (movement beyond anatomical position)
flexion (decrease angle in joint)
abduction (along frontal plane/away from midline)
adduction (along frontal plane/toward midline)
circumduction (circular movement)
rotation
medial (toward midline)
lateral (away midline)
gliding
one flat bone surface glides/slips over another similar surface
Male and Female Skeleton Differences
male
bumpier than females
rough
stronger muscles require stronger attachment sites
female
smoother than males
less knobby