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Tania Torres-Gomez P.1 Skeletal - Coggle Diagram
Tania Torres-Gomez P.1 Skeletal
bones
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
vomer bone
mandible
Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
cervical vertebrae
clavide
Acromion process
Humerus
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
phalanges
scapula
spine
ilium
sacrum
pelvic ulna
pubis lachium
ulna
radius
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
patella
tibia
cuboid
metatarsals
lateral
tarsals
fibula
talus
navicular
intermediate
Types of bones
long bones
Longer than wide, limb
short bones
cube-shaped, sesamoid from within tendons, vary in size and number
flat bones
thin, flat, slightly curved, sternum, scapulae, ribs
Irregular bones
complicated shapes, vertebrae and hip
Anatomy of the long bone
diaphysis
proximal and distal ends of bones, hollow region is the medullary cavity with yellow bone marrow
epiphysis
wider sections at each end of long bone, filled with spongy bone and red marrow
Bone remodeling
bone deposit
new bone matrix , osteoblasts deposits
bone resorption
function of osteoclasts, dig depressions, secrete lysosmal enzymes and protons, acidity converts salts to soluble forms
begins in bony callus formation, excess material on diaphysis exterior and within medullary cavity is removed, compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls, final structure resembles original structure
Bone fracture repair
youth
fractures result in trauma
old age
weakness of bone
Nondisplaced
ends retain normal position
Displaced
ends are out of normal alignment
Complete
broken all the way through
Incomplete
not broken all the way through
Open (compound)
skin is penetrated
Closed (simple)
skin is not penetrated
Joints
fibrous
dense fibrous connective tissue, most immovable
Sutures
rigid interlocking
youth
short connective tissue allows expansion
middle age (ossify & fuse)
immovable joints (protects brain), closed immovable sutures (syntoses)
Syndesmoses
connected ligaments bands of fibrous tissue
Short fibers:
little to no movement
Longer fibers:
larger amount movement
Gomphoses
Peg-in-socket joints
ex:teeth alveolar sockets
Cartilaginous Joints
bones united cartilage, no joint cavity, and not highly movable
Synchondroses:
Bar or plate hyaline cartilage unites bones, almost all immovable
ex: temporary epiphyseal plate joints, become synostoses after plate closure
Symphyses
Fibrocartilage unites bone, hyaline cartilage present as articular cartilage on bony surfaces, strong, and amphiarthrotic (slightly movable)
Synovial
bones separated fluid filled joint cavity, diarthrotic (freely movable), almost all limb joints
Articular Cartilage
consists hyaline cartilage covering ends
Joint (synovial) cavity
small, fluid-filled
Articular (joint) capsule
two layers thick
synovial fluid
viscous, slippery filtrate plasma and hyaluronic acid
ligaments
capsular
outside capsule
extracapsular
thickened part
intracapsular
deep to capsule
Movements synovial joints
Gliding movements
flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
Ex: Intercarpal Joints, Intertarsal Joints, articular processes of vertebrae
Angular Movements
Increase or decrease angle two bones, movement along sagittal plane
Flexion
decreases angle of joint
Extension
increases angular movements
Hyperextension
movement beyond anatomical position
Abduction
movement along frontal plane, away from the midline
Differences
male
thicker, rougher, appear more bumpy
legs longer
shoulders wider and higher
arms longer
torso shorter
female
smoother
pelvis wider
thorax narrower
slant of femur more pronounced