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EXPLORE THE NETWORK - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Protocol suites are implemented in software, hardware, or both by hosts and networking devices.
        
        The protocols are analysed in terms of their effectiveness.
      - Among the protocols for successful human
        communication are:
        
        Identification of sender and receiver
        
        Agreed-upon medium or channel (face-to-face,
        telephone, letter, photograph)
        
        Appropriate communication mode
        
        Common language
        
        Grammar and sentence structure
        
        Speed and timing of delivery
    - - Protocols for exchanging communications specify a standard format and set of rules.
        
        Network Protocols
        
        The role of protocols
        
        The format or structure of the message
        
        The process by which networking devices share information about
        pathways with other networks
        
        How and when error and system messages are passed between
        devices
        
        Data transfer session creation and termination
        
        Protocol Interaction
        
        HTTP
        
        An application protocol that oversees the interaction between a web server and a web client.
        
        TCP
        
        A transport mechanism for handling individual chats
        
        IP
        
        TCP segments are encapsulated into packets, addresses are assigned, and the packets are sent to the destination host.
        
        Ethernet
        
        facilitates conversation through a data link as well as physical data transport over a network.
    - - Protocol Suites
        
        set of protocols that work together to provide comprehensive network communication services
        
        May be specified by a standards organization or developed by vendor
        
        TCP/IP protocol suite is an open standard, freely available, and any vendor is able to implement these protocols on their hardware or in their software
        
        Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the predecessor to today’s Internet.It was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense for use by universities and research laboratories.
      - TCP/IP Communication Process
        
        When sending data from a web server to a client encapsulation procedure
        
        The IP source and destination addresses are added, creating an IP Packet.
        
        The Ethernet information is added creating the Ethernet Frame, or data link frame.
        
        The transport layer breaks the data into segments and identifies each.
        
        This frame is delivered to the nearest router along the path towards the web client. Each router adds new data link information before forwarding the packet.
        
        The webserver prepares the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) page. The HTTP application layer protocol sends the data to the transport layer.
        
        When receiving the data link frames from the web server
        
        The IP header
        
        The Transport layer header
        
        The Ethernet header is removed
        
        HTTP information is processed and sent to the client’s web browser
        
        The client processes and removes each protocol header in the opposite order it was added
- - - - A client, server, or other device that can communicate over a network and that is identified by a unique number, known as its network address.
    - - A specialized device that allows multiple networks or multiple parts of one network to connect and exchange data.
    - - A computer that enables resource sharing by other computers on the same network.
    - - The part of a network to which segments and significant shared devices (such as routers, switches, and servers) connect.
    - - The software that runs on a server and enables the server to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions.
    - - A part of a network. Usually, a segment is composed of a group of nodes that use the same communications channel for all their traffic.
    - - The device inside a computer that connects a computer to the network media.
    - - The physical layout of a computer network. Vary according to the needs of the organization and available hardware and expertise.
    - - A personal computer (such as a desktop or laptop), which may or may not be connected to a network; most clients are workstation computers.
    - - A format for communication between networked devices.
    - - A computer on the network that manages shared resources.
    - - The means through which data are transmitted and received.
    - - A computer on the network that requests resources or services from another computer on a network.
  - - - Advantage
        
        Easy to set up
        
        Less complexity
        
        Lower cost since network devices and dedicated servers may not be required
        
        Can be used for simple tasks such as transferring files and sharing printers
      - Disadvantage
        
        No centralized administration
        
        Not as secure
        
        Not scalable
        
        All devices may act as both clients & servers which can slow their performance
    - - A way of designing a network by use of central computer, known as a server; to facilitate communication and resource sharing between other computers on the network, which are known as clients.
- - - - LAN
      - WAN
      - The Internet, Intranet and Extranets
        
        The Internet is where connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in the world via dedicated routers and servers.
        
        The extranet has its shared content accessed by groups through cross-enterprise boundaries
        
        The Intranet has its shared content accessed by members within a single organization
- - - - Message
        
        Sender
        
        Receiver
        
        Transmission Medium
        
        Protocol
        
        It is a set of rules that governs the data communications. It represents an agreement between the communicating devices.Without a
        protocol, two devices may be connected but not communicating.
        
        It is the physical path by which a message travels from sender to receiver. Some examples include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable,
        radio waves and etc.
        
        It is the device which receives the data messages. It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset etc.
        
        It is the device which sends the data messages. It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset and etc.
        
        It is the information to be communicated. Popular forms of information include text, pictures, audio, video and etc
    - - Rule Establishment
        
        Message Encoding
        
        must be in appropriate format for the medium
        
        The sending host converts messages into bits first
        
        Depending on the network media, each bit is encoded as a sequence of noises, light waves, or electrical impulses
        
        the destination host receive and decodes teh signals in order to interpret the message
        
        Message Formatting and Encapsulation
        
        ENCAPSULATION - putting the letter into the envelope
        
        encapsulated in a specific format called a frame before it sent over the network
        
        frame acts like an envelope providing
        destination address and source address
        
        Message Size
        
        Long messages must also be broken into smaller pieces to travel across a network
        (a) Each piece is sent in a separate frame
        (b) has its own addressing information
        (c) A receiving host will reconstruct multiple frames into the original message
        
        Message Timing
        
        access method
        
        host need to know when to begin sending message and and how to response when collisons occur
        
        flow control
        
        source and destination hosts use flow control to negotiate correct timing to avoid overwhelming the destination and ensure information is received
        
        response timeout
        
        hosts have rule that specify how long to wait for response and what action to take if a response and what action to take if a response timeout occur
        
        Message Delivery Options
        
        unicast message - one-to-one-delivery
        
        multicast message - one-to-many-delivery
        
        broadcast message - one-to-many-delivery
      - communication method
        
        destination (receiver)
        
        receive the message and interprets it
        
        channel (media)
        
        provide the pathway over which the message can travel from source to destination
        
        source (sender)
        
        message are people , or electronic device that need to communicate a message to other individual or device
- - - - The benefits of using a
        layered model include.
        
        ◦ Assisting in protocol design since protocols at each layer have defined functions.
        ◦ Fostering competition because products from different vendors can work together.
        ◦ Preventing technology changes in one layer from affecting other layers.
        ◦ Providing a common language to describe networking functions and capabilities.
      - The IOS reference Model
        
        Application - contains protocols used for process-toprocess communications.
        Presentation - provides for common representation of the data.
        Session - provides services to the presentation layer to organize its dialogue and to manage data exchange.
        Transport - defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data.
        Network - provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network between identified end devices.
        Data Link - provides methods for exchanging data frames between devices over a common media.
        Physical - describes the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to transmit bits across physical connections