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CHAPTER 1 - EXPLORE THE NETWORK (GROUP 1), 1.3 INTERPRET REFERENCE ,MODAL…

- - - - Saves Money
        
        Saves Times
        
        Network allow you to manage, or administer, resources on
        multiple computers from a central location
  - - - Undesirable Sharing
        
        Illegal or Undesirable Behaviour
        
        Hardware and Software Management and Administration Costs
        
        Data Security Concerns
  - - - LEARN
        
        Communicate
        
        Work
        
        Play
- - - - Local Area Network (LAN)
        
        Wide Area Network (WAN)
    - - Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
        
        Wireless LAN (WLAN)
        
        Storage Area Network (SAN)
        
        Personal Area Network (PAN)
  - - - The devices share resources and data through wired or wireless connections to a switch or a router
  - - - How LAN and WAN communications work?
        
        At Home, your LAN might connect together devices over a distance measured in 10 metres.
  - - - Connect a computer to another computer anywhere in the world via dedicated routers and servers
    - - Extranets: shared a content accessed by a groups through cross-enterprise boundaries
      - Intranets: shared a content accessed by a members within a single organization
- - - - A computer on the network that requests resources or services
        from another computer on a network.
      - • In some cases, a client could also act as a server. The term client may also refer to the human user of a client workstation or to client software installed on the workstation.
    - - Servers usually have more processing power, memory, and hard disk space
        than clients.
      - Server run network operating software that can manage not only data, but
        also users, groups, security, and applications on the network
      - A computer on the network that manages shared resources.
    - - A personal computer (such as a desktop or laptop), which may or may not be connected to a network; most clients are workstation computers.
    - - The device inside a computer that connects a computer to the
        network media
      - Thus allowing it to communicate with other computers
    - - The software that runs on a server and enables the server to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions
      - Ex: Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2, Mac OS X Server, Unix and Linux OS.
    - - A computer that enables resource sharing by other computers
        on the same network.
    - - • A client, server, or other device that can communicate over a
        network
        
        identified by a unique number, known as its
        network address.
    - - A specialized device that allows multiple networks or multiple
        parts
        
        one network to connect and exchange data
    - - The part of a network to which segments and significant shared
        devices
        
        example:such as routers, switches, and servers) connect.
      - A backbone is sometimes referred to as “a network of networks”
        
        its role in interconnecting smaller parts of a LAN or
        WAN.
    - - A part of a network.
        
        a segment is composed of a group
        of nodes
        
        use the same communications channel for all their
        traffic.
    - - physical layout of a computer
        network
        
        Topologies vary according
        to the needs of the organization
        
        available hardware and expertise
        
        Networks
        
        bus, or star formation, and the star
        formation is the most common.
        
        Hybrid combinations of these
        patterns are also possible
    - - data are transmitted
        and received.
      - Transmission media may be physical
        
        such as wire or cable,
        or atmospheric (wireless), such as radio waves
    - - format for communication between networked devices.
        
        format for communication between networked devices.
        
        data are transferred in sequence and
        without error from one node on the network
  - - - the advantages of peer-to-peer networking
        
        easy to set up
        
        less complexity
        
        lower cost sine network devices and dedicated servers may not be required
        
        can be used for simple tasks such as transferring files and sharing printers
      - the disadvantages of peer-to-peer networking
        
        no centralized administration
        
        not scalable
        
        all devices may act as both clients and servers which can slow their performance
        
        not as secure
    - - A network that uses a server to enable clients to share data, data storage space, and devices is known as a client/server network.
      - A client/server architecture is sometimes used to refer to the design of a network in which clients rely on servers for resource sharing and processing
      - Another way of designing a network is to use a central computer, known as a server; to facilitate communication and resource sharing between other computers on the network, which are known as clients.
- - - - 1) The expectation is that the Internet is always available to the
        millions of users who rely on it.
        
        2) This requires a network
        architecture that is built to be fault tolerant.
        
        3) A fault-tolerant network is one that limits the effect of a failure , so that the fewest number of devices effected by it.
        
        4) It is also built in a
        way that enables quick recovery when such a failure occurs.
        
        5) Fault-tolerant networks depend on multiple paths between the
        source and destination of a message.
        
        6) If one path fails, the
        messages can be instantly sent over a different link.
        
        1 more item...
      - b) Scalability
        
        1) Thousands users and service providers connect to the
        Internet each week.
        
        2) The Internet to support this
        rapid amount of growth, it must be scalable.
        
        3) A scalable network can expand quickly to support new users and applications without affecting the performance of the
        service being delivered to existing users.
        
        c) Quality of Services ( QoS )
        
        1) Quality of service is also an ever-increasing requirement of networks today.
        
        2) New applications available to users over
        internetworks, such as voice and live video transmissions.
        
        d) Security
        
        1) Securing a network infrastructure includes physically securing devices that provide network connectivity , and preventing unauthorized access to the management software that resides on those devices.
- - - - TRANSPORT
        
        INTERNET
        
        NETWORK ACCESS
        
        control the hardware devices and media that make up the network
        
        Determines the best path through the network
        
        Support communication between diverse devices across diverse networks
      - Represents data to the user, plus encoding and dialog control
  - - - Application
        Presentation
        Session
        
        Transport
        
        Network
        
        Data Link
        Physical
        
        2
        1
        
        3
        
        4
        
        7
        6
        5
    - - Application
        
        Transport
        
        Internet
        
        Network Access
        
        1
        
        2
        
        3
        
        4
      - TCP/IP Protocol Suite
        
        HTTP,DNS,DHCP,FTP
        
        TCP,UDP
        
        IPv4,IPv6,ICMPv4,ICMPv6
        
        PPP,Frame Relay,Ethernet
    - - Differences
        
        Protocol Standard
        
        presentation and session has same layer with application layer for OSI Model
        
        Data link and physical share layer in OSI model meanwhile TCP/IP model only network access
        
        a simpler model
      - share similar
        architecture
        
        share a common
        application layer
        
        Both models have comparable transport and network layers
        
        Knowledge of both models is required by networking professionals
  - - - 6.presentation
        
        5.session
        
        4.transport
        
        network
        
        2.data link
        
        1.physical
- - - - Messages are first converted into bits by
        the sending host.
        
        Each bit is encoded into a pattern of sounds, light waves, or electrical impulses depending on the network media
        
        The destination host receives and decodes the signals in order to interpret the message.
    - - There is an agreed format for letters and addressing letters which is required for proper
        delivery.
        
        Putting the letter into the addressed envelope is called encapsulation.
        
        Each computer message is encapsulated in a
        specific format, called a frame, before it is sent over the network.
        
        A frame acts like an envelope providing
        destination address and source address.
      - Message Size
        
        Humans break long messages into smaller parts or sentences.
        
        Long messages must also be broken into smaller
        pieces to travel across a network.
        ◦ Each piece is sent in a separate frame.
        ◦ Each frame has its own addressing information.
        ◦ A receiving host will reconstruct multiple frames into the original message.
        
        Message Timing Access
        
        Access Method
        
        Flow Control
        
        Response Timeout
        
        Message Delivery Options
        Unicast
        
        Unicast Message - One
        to one delivery
        
        Multicast Message - One
        to many delivery
        
        Broadcast Message - One
        to all delivery
        
        Communication methods
        
        All communication methods have
        three elements in common.
        
        Source (Sender)
        
        Destination (Receiver)
        
        Channel (Media)
  - - - c. Channel or media
        
        Communication Fundamentals
        
        a)Message source
        
        MESSAGE
        
        b)Transmitter
        
        SIGNAL
        
        c)Transmission Medium
        
        d)Receiver
        
        2 more items...
        
        Main elements of data communication systems
        
        Message
        
        For communicated
        
        Sender
        
        sends the data messages
        
        Receiver
        
        2 more items...
        
        Rule establishment
        
        a) An identified sender and receiver
        
        b)Common language and grammar
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Networking protocols define a common format and set of rules for exchanging messages between devices.
      - Some common networking protocols are Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and Internet Protocol (IP).
      - The role of protocols
        
        How the message is formatted or structured?
        
        The process by which networking devices share information about pathways with other networks
        
        How and when error and system messages are passed between devices
        
        The setup and termination of data transfer sessions
      - Protocol Interaction
- - - - TRANSPORT-SEGMENT(PDU)-break down message to send (PURPOSE)-TCP,UDP,NWLINK, SPC,NBP(PROTOCOL)
        
        NETWORK-PACKET(PDU)-ADD LOGICAL ADDRESS INFO(PURPOSE)-IPX,RIP,DDP,RTMP,IP,ARP,RARP,OSPF(PROTOCOL)
        
        DATA LINK- FRAME(PDU)-ADD PHYSICAL ADDRESSING (PURPOSE)-802.3 ENTHERNET,802.5 TOKEN RING,802.11 WIRELESS (PROTOCOL)
        
        PHYSICAL-BIT(PDU)-CONVERTS TO SIGNAL AND SENDS(PURPOSE)-ELECTRONICS, RADIO OR OPTICALIMPULSES(PROTOCOL)