Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Skeletal - Brianna Mayorga p.6 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal - Brianna Mayorga p.6
Names of Bones
Skull - Head
Cervical Vertebrate - Neck
Scapula- Shoulder blade
Clavicle - Collarbone
Sternum ( Manabrium, body, xiphoid process) - Front of ribcage
True ribs (1-7), False ribs (8-10), Floating ribs (11-12) - Ribcage
Humerus - Arm
Radius & Ulna- Forearm
Thoracic vertebrate- spine along ribcage
Lumbar vertebrate- spine under rip cage until pelvic area
Carpals- Wrist
Metacarpals- Palm
Phalanges - Fingers & toes
Coxal - Pelvic area
Sacrum and coccyx- In between hips
Femur- Thigh
Fibula & Tibia - Calf
Tarsals - Ankle
Metatarsals -sole of foot
Patella - Kneecap
Types of Bones
Long bone
- longer than wide, limb bones ( EX: Femur and Humerus)
Short bone
- cube-shaped, sesamoid within tendons, vary in size (EX: Wrist and Ankle)
Flat bone
- thin and flat, slightly curved ( Sternum, Scauplae, Ribs, and most Skull bones)
Irregular bone
- complicated shapes ( EX: vertebrate and hip bone)
Anatomy of Long Bone
The anatomy of the long bone includes the compact bone on the outside, the epiphyseal line on both ends, the diaphysis in between both epiphyseal lines, the spongy bone on both ends, the yellow marrow within compact bone, and the red marrow/vessel in the medullar cavity
Bone Remodeling
The process consists of three steps: resorption, during which osteoclasts digest or break down old bone; reversal, when mononuclear cells appear on the bone surface; and formation, when osteoblasts place new bone until the broken down bone is completely replaced on the surface.
Bone Fracture Repair
Fracture Classification
Position of bone ends
-
non-displaced
: ends retain normal position;
displaced
: ends are out of normal ligament
Completeness of break
-
complete
is broken all the way &
incomplete
is not broken all the way through
Whether the skin is penetrated
- open (compound) when skin is penetrated
closed ( simple) when skin isn't penetrated
Fracture Treatment/Repair
Hematoma formation
- torn blood vessels hemorrhage; site is swollen, painful, and inflamed
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
- fibroblasts, cartilage, & osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of bone; mass of repair tissue is called fibrocartilaginous callus
Bony callus formation
- callus is converted to bony (hard) callus of spongy bone
Bone remodeling
- excess material on diaphysis exterior and within medullary cavity is removed
Joints
Classification of joints
- articulations; sites where 2 or more bones meet
Fibrous joints
- bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
Sutures-
rigid, interlocking joints of the skull, protects the brain
Syndesmoses
- connected by ligaments, little to movement, fiber length varies
Gomphoses
- peg-in-socket, fibrous connection
Cartilaginous joints
- joined by cartilage, no joint cavity, not highly movable; 2 TYPES: Synchondroses & Symphyses
Synchondroses
- bar/plate of cartilage, most immovable
Symphyses
- hyaline cartilage present, strong and slightly movable joints
7.
Synovial joints
- separated by fluid-filled, freely movable, limb bones
Types of synovial joints
- plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball-in-socket
8.
Bursae & Tendon sheaths
- bags of small synovial fluid
(
Bursae
) reduce friction where ligaments, muscle, skin, tendons
(
Tendon Sheaths)
elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction
Movement allowd by Synovial Joints
Gliding
- 1 flat bone surface glides or slips
Angular movement
- increase/decrease angle between 2 bones, along sagittal, flexion (decrease), extension (increase), hyperextension (beyond anatomical position), abduction( frontal, away from midline), adduction (frontal, toward midline), circumduction (flexion, abduction and extension)
3.
Rotation
- turning of bone around its own long axis
Supination
- palms facing anteriorly; radius & ulna are parallel
Pronation
- palms face posteriorly; radius rotates over ulna
Dorsiflexion
- bending foot toward shin
Plantar flexion
- pointing toes
Inversion
- sole of foot faces medially
Eversion
- sole of foot faces laterally
Protraction
- mandible juts out
Retraction
- mandible pulled toward neck
Elevation
- lifting body parts superiorly
Depression
- lowering body part
Opposition
- movement of the thumb
Differences between Male & Female Skeleton
The most important difference between the male and female skeletons is found at the level of the pelvis. The female pelvis is adapted for gestation: it is not as high and is proportionately wider than that of the male. The sacrum of the female is wider and the pelvic ring is wider and more circular to facilitate the passage of the newborn
Disorders
Osteomalacias and rickets
- (O) bones are poorly mineralized; soft weak bones
(R) in children which causes for bowed legs; bone ends are enlarged also abnormally long; causes are by vitamin D deficiency &/or insufficient dietary calcium
Osteoporosis
- a group of diseases in which bone resorption exceeds deposit; most often in postmenopausal women, estrogen plays a role in bone density the levels drop; men are less prone b/c of testosterone; treating it with calcium, vitamin D, and hormone replacement therapy
Paget's disease
- excessive and haphazard bone deposit & resorption which causes the bone to grow fast & develop poorly (pagetic bone); usually in pelvis, spine, femur, & skull; treatment with calcitonin & bisphosphates
