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Skeletal Jocelyn Gracia P.5 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal Jocelyn Gracia P.5
Long Bone
long with expanded ends(arm &leg bones)
Compact bone: makes up wall of diaphysis
Spongy Bone: consists of many branching bony plates called trabeculae
Diaphysis contains a hallow chamber(medullary cavity)
The medullary cavity is lined with a special type of connective tissue(bone marrow)
Bony processes provide attachment sites for tendons & ligaments
Bone remodeling
Osteoclasts(resorb):break down to the calcified matrix
Osteoblasts(Build): deposit bone in place of calcified cartilage
Intramembranes bones originate within sheet-like layers of connective tissue
Endochondral bones form from a hyaline cartilage model
Bone Fracture repair
A) blood from broken vessels spread through the damaged area & soon forms a blood clot(hematoma)
B) spongy bone forms in regions close to developing blood vessels, and fibrocartilage forms in more distant regions
C) A hard bony(callus) replaces the fibrocartilage
D) Osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue, restoring new bone structure like the original
Synovial Joints movements
Allow free movement
Ball-and-socket: movements in all planes(multi axial);shoulder and hip
Hinge: movement in 1 plane(unaxial); elbow and between phalanges
Pivot: only rotation around central axis(unaxia)l;dens of the axis & atlas
Saddle: variety of movements, mostly in 2 planes(biaxial); between carpal and metacarpal of thumb
Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid, which lubricates the joints
Some synovial joints contain shock absorbing pads of fibrocartilage called menisci
Fluid-filled sacs(bursae) aid in movement of tendons
Joints
Fibrous:most are immovable(structures of the skull) ; slightly movable(joint between distal tibia & fibula; composed of dense connective tissue
Cartilaginous: slightly movable; composed of cartilage Examples; pubic symphysis & first rib with sternum
Synovial:freely movable; have a complex structure; inner layer called synovial membrane: secretes synovial fluid, which lubricates joints,some synovial joints contain shock absorbing pads of fibrocartilage called menisci
male and female skeletons
Pelves
Female Coccyx is more movable
Female sacrum is wider and the sacral curvature is bent more sharply posteriorly
Female pelvic cavity is wider in all diameters and is shorter, roomier, and less funnel-shaped
Female hip bones are lighter, thinner, and have less muscular attachments
Bone Structure
Long:long with expanded ends; arm &leg bones
Flat:plate-like shape with broad surface; ribs, scapula, flattend skull bones
Short: almost equal in length & width; bones of the wrists and ankles
Irregular:varied shape; vertebrae, some facial bones
Bones
The cranium
Occipital: back of skull
Temporal: sides & base of cranium
Sphenoid: sides of skull & portions of the orbits
Ethmoid: front of sphenoid bone
Vertebral Column
Thoracic(12): rib cage
Lumbar(5): back of lion;support weight of body
Atlas C1: supports head
Axis C2:contains tooth-like dens, pivots within atlas
7 cervical vertebrae:
The Sacrum & Coccyx
Sacrum(triangular structure): 5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx(the tailbone) 4 fused vertebrae
Thoracic Cage: ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum & costal cartilages
The Ribs:
7 pairs of ribs connect to sternum directly by costal cartilages
5 pairs are false(don't reach sternum);upper 3 join cartilages of 7th rib
lower 2 are floating ribs(no attachments)
The Sternum: upper manubrium, middle body, & lower xiphoid
Facial Skeleton
Maxillae: forms upper jaw, hard palate, house the upper teeth
Palatine:L-shaped, behind maxillae
Zygomatic bones: forms cheekbones & lateral walls of orbits
Lacrimal: form part of medial walls of orbits
Nasal: forms bridge of nose
Vomer: makes up a portion of nasal septum
Mandible: lower jawbone, supports lower teeth
Inferior nasal conchae(fragil):support mucous membranes in nasal cavity