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Skeletal System Grecia Lopez, Per.1 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System Grecia Lopez, Per.1
Names of all the bones
Face:
- Zygomatic bone (cheek bone)
- Nasal bone (nose)
- Lacrimal bone (inner eye)
- Palatine bone (taste palate)
- Maxillae (upper mandible)
- Inferior nasal concha
- Vomer (bone in the middle of the nose)
- Hyoid (under the chin)
- Mandible (jaw)
Arm:
- Humerus (funny bone)
- Pectoral girdle: Clavicle (collarbone) and Scapula (shoulder blade)
- Ulna (stationery bone in forearm)
- Radius (Rotates wrist in forearn)
Chest:
- Sternum (breastbone)
- Ribs (floating ribs, true ribs, false ribs, and costal cartilage)
Spine:
- Cervical Vertebrae (7)
- Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
- Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
Hand:
- Carpals (short bones near wrist)
- Metacarpals (5 in each arm, miniature long bones in the hand)
- Phalanges (fingers)
Pelvis:
2 coxal (hip) bones composed of:
- Ilium (hip bone)
- Ischium
- Pubis
- Sacrum
- Coccyx (tail bone)
Leg:
- Femur (thigh bone)
- Patella (kneecap)
- Tibia (large bone in the lower leg)
- Fibula (small bone in the lower leg)
Foot:
- Phalanges (toes)
- Tarsals (short bones in foot)
- Calcaneus (heel bone)
Skull:
- Occipital bone (back of the skull)
- Frontal bone (forehead)
- Parietal bone
- Temporal bone (near temple)
- Sphenoid bone
- Ethmoid bone
Male vs. Female Skeleton:
- Male bones tend to be more rough and thicker then the female bones, looking more knobby. This is due to males having larger muscles and needing more attachment sites.
- Female bones are smoother and thinner than male bones. Therefore the skeleton is less knobby.
Bone Remodeling:
- Bone remodeling is composed of bone deposit and bone resorption. Remodeling occurs at the periosteum and the endosteum.
- Remodling Units: Packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts coordinate remodeling process.
Resorption:
- Osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones, releasing minerals and transferring calcium from bone tissue to the blood.
- Depressions or grooves
→Secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons are digested, breaking down the matrix.
- Acidity causes calcium salts to dissolve.
Bone Deposition:
- Osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix.
- Calcification of bone occurs when calcium and phosphate go into the bone tissues.
- Osteoblasts deposit new minerals and collagen.
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Anatomy of the Long Bone:
- The long bone is a bone that has a shaft and 2 ends.
- Mostly found within within the appendicular skeleton.
- The top of the shaft is called the proximal epiphysis and it is mostly made of spongy bone which is protected by articular cartilage.
- The shaft is called the diaphysis. Within the diaphysis is the medullary cavity surrounded by compact bone and preiosteum which contains yellow bone marrow.
- The lower end of the bone under the shaft is called the distal epiphysis.
- Seperating the epiphsysis and the diaphysis are epiphyseal lines.
Disorders:
Osteoporosis:
- Occurs when resorption exceeds deposition.
- Bone mass declines
- Bones become weak and brittle.
Treatment: Medications, healthy diet, and weight-bearing exercise.
Pagets Disease:
- Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption.
- Quick and poor bone growth.
- High ratio or spongy to compact.
- Causes: Unknown (possibly viral).
Rickets:
- Mostly found within children.
- Softening and weakening of bones.
- Caused due to Vitamin D deficiency or the lack of calcium.
- Symptoms include enlarged and abnormal bone growth.
Treatments: Daily vitamin supplements, possible surgery, or medication.
Osteomalacia:
- Caused by Vitamin D deficiency and poor mirenalization.
- Softened and weakened bones.
- Symptoms include bone pain and muscle weakness.
- Treatmeants: Daily vitamin supplements and medications.
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints:
- Nonaxial: Slipping movements only.
- Uniaxial: One plane movement.
- Biaxial: Two plane movement.
- Multiaxial: Movement in or around all 3 planes
Types of Bones:
2. Short Bones:
- Cubed shaped.
- Contains mostly spongy bone with an outside of compact bone.
- Varies in size and number.
For example: Wrist carpals, tarsals in the ankles, patella, etc.
3. Flat Bones:
- Thin, flat, a bit curved.
- Most skull/cranial bones are flat.
- Made of a single layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone.
Example: Ribs, sternum, scapula, etc.
1. Long Bones:
- They are longer than they are wider.
- Limb bones.
- Have a long shaft with two bulky etremities.
- Mostly made of compact bone (some spongy bone at the ends).
Example: Thigh, leg, arm, and forearm.
4. Irregular Bones:
- Complicated shapes.
- Primarily spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone.
- Vertebrae and hip bones
Example: The vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, etc.
Joints (and examples):
Diarthroses (freely movable): Synovial Joints
- These joints have synovial fluid that enables them to smoothly move against each other.
Pivot Joints:
- A bone that can swivel in a ring formed from a second bone.
For example: Between the ulna and radius bones and the joint between the first and second vertebrae of the neck.
Condyloid Joints:
- ** Allows for circular motion, flexion, and extension.
- Oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a oval-shaped hollow part of another bone.
For example: Finger joints and jaw.
Hinge Joints:
- Similar to a door, these joints can open and close in one direction along one plane.
For example: The elbow and knee joint.
Ball-and-Socket Joints:
- Freely moving joint that can rotate on any axis.
For example: The hip and shoulder.
Gliding joints:
- Move against each other on a single plane.
- Flat bone surface glides or slips over simple surfaces.
For example: * The intervertebral joints, the bones of the wrists, and of the ankles.
Saddle Joints:
- Saddle joints allow for flexion, extension, and other movements, but no rotation.
For example: The thumb, shoulder, and inner ear.
Synarthroses (immovable):
- Fibrous Joints
- Two or more bones in close contact that have no movement.
Sutures:
- Nonmoving joints that connect bones of the skull.
- These joints are connected together by fibers of connective tissue.
- They allow for growth.
For example: The coronal, saggital, lamboidal, and squamous sutures.
Syndesmosis:
- Ligaments (of fibrous tissue) which connect two bones, allowing for a little movement.
- Fiber length varies, as does movement.
Short: Less movement
Long: More movement
For example: Tibiofibular joint and interosseus membrane that connects the ulna and radius.
Gomphoses:
- Made up of fibrous tissue, tough ligaments that attach to the socket and base of the tooth.
For example: Teeth and alveolar sockets.
Amphiarthroses (slightly movable): Cartilaginous Joints
- Two or more bones held so tightly together that only limited movement can take place.
Symphysis:
- Fibrocartilaginous pads connect two bones. Some hyaline and articular cartilage are also present.
For example: The hip bones, the vertebrae, and inter-vertebral discs.
Synchrondosis:
- Immovable cartilaginous joint.
- Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage
For example: The cartilage of the first pair of ribs and the sternum
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