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Skeletal System Vanessa Felix P.6, image, image, image, image, image,…
Skeletal System
Vanessa Felix P.6
Bone Names
Vertebral
cervical
atlas
axis
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
Coccyx
Coxal bone
Thoracic Cage
sternum
ribs
scapula
clavicle
Upper Limb
humerus
ulna
radius
carpal
metacarpal
phalanges
scapula
clavicle
Skull
frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Maxilla
Mandible
Zygomatic
Nasal
Lower Limb
femur
fibula
tibia
tarsal
calcaneus
talus
metatarsal
phalanges
patella
Types of Bones
Short bones
cubed shaped bones
ex. sesamoid bones
Flatbones
thin, flat slightly curved
ex. sternum, ribs, most skull bones
Long bones
longer than they are wide
ex. limb bones
Irregular bones
complicated shapes
ex. vertebrae, hip bones
Anatomy of Long Bone
b)
compact bone
endosteum
c)
endosteum
yellow bone marrow
nutrient foraman
periosteum
perforating fibers
nutrient artery
a)
Proximal epiphysis (top)
Diaphysis (mid)
Distal epiphysis (bottom)
spongy bone
epiphyseal line
periosteum
compact bone
Medullary cavity (lined by endosteum
Bone Remodeling
Bone deposit
new bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
Bone resorption
function of osteoclasts
digs depressions as they break down matrix
secrets lysosomal enzymes and protons that digest matrix
Bone fracture repair
Types of Fractures
depressed
broken bone portion is pressed inward
compression
bone is crushed
spiral
ragged break when excessive twisting
epiphyseal
separation from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate
comminuted
bone fragments into 3 or more pieces
greenstick
bone breaks completely
Repair
Hematoma formation
torn blood vessels form mass of clotted blood
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
capillaries grow
phagocytic clears debris
Fibroblasts, cartilage and osteogenic reconstruct bone
Bony callus formation
trabeculae appears after a week
callus converted to bony callus
Bone remodeling
continues for several months
compact bone to reconstruct shaft walls
Joints
Fibrous Joints
Syndesmoses
ligaments, bands of fibrous tissues
length varies, movement varies
short: little to no movement
long: large amount of movement
Gomphoses
peg-in-socket joints
ex. teeth in alveolar sockets
Sutures
found in skull
joints held together with short interconnecting fibers and bone edges interlock
no movement
Cartilaginous Joint
Sychondroses
plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones
synarthrotic (immovable)
Symphses
fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint
slightly movable
Synovial Joints
Articular (joint) capsule
External fibrous: later dense irregular CT
Inner synovial membrane: loose CT
Synovial fluid
filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
Joint (synovial) cavity
small, fluid-filled space
Reinforcing ligaments
Capsular: thick part of fibrous layer
Extracapsular: outside capsule
Intracapsular: deep to capsule
Articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones
prevents end crushing
Nerves & blood vessels
nerves detect pain
capillary beds supply filtrate
Types
Hinge
Pivot
Plane
Condylar
Saddle
Ball and socket
Synovial Joint Movement
Angular
increase/decrease between two bones
Flexion: decrease angle
Extension: increase angle
Hyperextension: movement beyond anatomical position
Abduction: movement away from midline
Adduction: movement toward midline
Rotation
turning of bone
Medial: toward midline
Lateral: away from midline
Gliding
one flat bone surface glides/slips over another similar surface
Special Movements
Dorsiflexion = bending foot up
Plantar flexion = pointing toes
Inversion = foot leans right
Eversion = foot leans left
Supination = palms face down
Pronation = palms face up
Protraction = mandible out
Retraction = mandible toward neck
Elevation = lifting body part up
Depression = lowering body part
Opposition = movement of thumb
Disorders
Osteoporosis
groups of disease where bone resorption exceeds deposit
bone mass declines, mostly in women
treatment: calcium, vitamin D supplements
Paget's disease
excessive bone deposit and resorption cause bone to grow fast and developed poorly
called pagetic bone
Osteomalacia and rickets
Osteomalacia
poorly mineralized bones
soft, weak bones
Rickets
results in bowed legs/bone deformities
cause: vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium
Male and Female Skeleton Differences
Pelvic
Male
Iliac crest is higher
more heart shaped
pelvic cavity is deeper
Female
shorter pelvis and wider
more oval shaped
shallower pelvic cavity
