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Pragmatics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - An act of uttering a sentence by speaking or writing in a language
      - It has meaning in a traditional sense
      - For example: What? (Someone suprised)
    - - An act of performing some action in saying something
      - By uttering, the speaker may be performing the act of informing, claiming, guessing, reminding, warning, threatening, or requesting.
      - For example:
        I will do my task later. (promise)
        Go to sleep! (commanding)
      - Types of illocutionary act
        
        Commissive illocutionary act
        
        Directive illocutionary act
        
        Expressive illocutionary act
        
        Representative illocutionary act
        
        Declarations illocutionary acts
    - - What speakers bring about or achieve by saying
        something, such as convincing, persuading, deterring, scaring and etc.
      - The aim is to change feelings, thoughts or actions
      - For example:
        The ghost might eat you! (scaring)
        I think you should join this club with me. (convincing)
  - - - Locutionary and illocutionary act coincide
      - Intention is expressed in the message
    - - No coincidence
      - Intention is not expressed in the message
  - - - The explicit impositives
      - The conventionalized rountines
      - The indirect hints
    - - Appearance/ Possession
      - Performance/ Skills/ Abilities
      - Personality traits
    - - Explicit expression of apology such as I am sorry
      - Expression of resposibility
      - An offer of repair
      - An explanation
      - A promise of nonrecurrence
- - - - Generalised implicature
        
        Is inferable without reference to a special context
        
        Does not depend on particular features of the context, but is instead typically associated with the proposition expressed
      - Scalar implicature
        
        Communicated by choosing a word which expressed one value from a scale of value
        
        Express quantity
        
        Key words: Five, four, some, we, all and etc.
      - Particularised implicature
        
        A particularised implicature is a conversational implicature that is derivable only in a specific context.
        
        In the above exchange, A will likely derive the implicature "the dog ate the roast beef" from B’s statement.
        This is due to A’s belief that B is observing the conversational maxim of relation or relevance in the specific context of A’s question
        
        Example:
        A: What on earth has happened to the roast beef?
        B: The dog is looking very happy.