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6: Expansion of Visual Languages - Coggle Diagram
6: Expansion of Visual Languages
CHANGES OVER TIME
moved higher, smaller, due to increased visual acuity
older signers vs. younger signers = historical change; handshape or location
generational gaps
ASL: state of flux, flexibility, evolving
Various methods
Sign System Increase/Proliferation
led to confusion; most faded away
Pg 119: Signed English; Ameslan; Pidgin Sign English; Siglish; Ameslish
Rochester Method: 1878; aka "Visible English"
all inclusive fingerspelling at mouth, fingerspell and mouthshap
mid b/w spoken and sign
exposed deaf people to 'correct' English
1980's fell out of favor = tedious, time consuming
Combined Method
Gallaudet - from Europe = English (oral) and French (sl)
varying levels of oral and sl based on situation
fit the child vs. make the child fit the method
Simultaneous Communication / Sim Com
use spoken words shile signing at the same time
receiver can read lips
problems: speaker will:...
speak and stop signing
skip some signs
use sloppy fingerspelling
use unclear signs
Artificial Sign Communication Systems
PL 94-142 established deaf classrooms; not just at school for deaf; admins like the idea of English based systems
SEE-I: Seeing Essential English
1960's - deaf teacher; 1 sign for word regardless of meaning
invented signs, new handshapes for grammar
SEE-II: Signing Exact English
devp by deaf woman
similar as SEE-I but used more ASL tradition for pronouns
LOVE: Linguistics of Visual English
created by deaf man; 1 sign for each printed word + new signs for plurals & nouns
signs of first letter as part of sign; short lived
PSE: Pidgin Signed English
1970's - simplest form of manual English
ASL in English word order
articles and word endings not used
SE: Signed English
hearing professor at Gallaudet; sign = 1 meaning; 1-sign principle
ARTIFICIAL because....
People thought by exposing to English it would increase written or spoken English for mainstream and interactions
easier for non-deaf to understand b/c English word order
ASL & structure = too hard for non=deaf to learn
resistance greater than support for these; deaf students from different schools could not understand each other; ASL = most effective for teaching and learning
Total Communication
Total approach; the right to speech and sign where both deaf and hearing students attend
Halcomb
Incorporate aural, amnual, oral modes to insure effective modes of communicaiton
acceptance of TC and artificial signing systems increased overall acceptance of signing in schools
Second Language Acquisition
separation of deaf child from deaf environment and culture = communication abuse
babies, better language acquisition when learn sign language first
1965 Bilingual Act: some schools of deaf = bilingual approach
Jim Cummins: keys to bilingual ed:
Both Languages are respected and nurtured equally
Deaf bilinguals value the significance of both ASL and written English
use natural language, ASL, to learn Eng as second lang
skills in 1 language can transfer to second language
Cued Speech
8 hand shapes; 4 locations near mouth to distinguish b/w voels
tool to give support to read and pronounce
cued language: way to express language
Transitions in Signs
Initialization: initial letter with handshape
Variations: regional, geography; mobility and video impact this; increased uniformity over the years
Technically motivated signs: e.g., phone, microwave, cochlear implant, pager
History of fingerspelling
8th C. 1st manual alphabet
secrecy, monks, silence, literacy, teaching
modern fingerspelling
8% of signing
variations; e.g., 'zz'; attempt at 'rr'
Increased demand for ASL
1/2 - 1 million in American Deaf Wworld
2007-42 states officially recog ASL as a language
teaching babies to sign to decrease stress before talk
CODA - usually 2 languages and 2 cultures
Sign Language interpreters: work environments, section 504 of rehab act 1973
1964 Registry of Deaf Interpreters
1973 National Certification program
reasonable accommodation - 1992; phone interpreting, meetings, providing detail, Video Relay Service - translate calls b/w deaf and hearing people
International
271 sign languages
Gestuno: began in 1951Italian, system of 1500 gestures; A visual-gestural aid to international signing; only used at international conferences