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Technological advance, In 1775 Alexander Cummings came up with the first S…
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In 1775 Alexander Cummings came up with the first S-trap which prevented foul air coming from the Sewer.
Joseph Bramah combined this invention with a valve and cistern to make the first flushing closet.
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The growing demand for toilets and the growing sewer system allowed George Jennings to start a business manufacturing toilets.
By 1861 he had 97 men and 18 boys working for him. (showing the demand for toilets)
In 1852 Jennings furthered the invention by making the pan and the water trap and improving the drain valves.
By the end of the 1950s it was required for all homes to have a water closet.
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In 1875 William Twyford invented the first 'wash out' water closet.
In 1888 he was given a patent where the pan was filled with clean water.
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Before the development of the Sewer system. It was not effective, due to rough walls, slopes and intermittent volumes of water. This meant that only a storm would clear out the Sewage.
In 1842 John Roe came up with the idea of using Cast Iron gates that would open when there was enough water borne sewage to clear deposits. However, this was only made more effective when it was combined with water pumps.
In addition, a sewer system required tonnes of brick and cement.
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The perennial problem of into what the sewers would be flushed.
With the increased knowledge of public health discharging sewerage into became a problem.
Chadwick suggested that it should be sprayed onto fields using fertiliser.
However, the break through came from Manchester University in 1912 when they realised it had to be biologically treated.
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In 1822 Southwark water company extracted water from the river thames using steam engines from the river thames.
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A major concern was that companies in London and elsewhere extracted water from areas that were polluted and had faeces.
