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Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA - Coggle Diagram
Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
Chromosomes
Humans have 46 chromosomes in total.
It's what makes us
boys and girls.
Male
: The 23th chromosome pair consists of X and Y.
Female
: The 23th chromosome pair consist of both an X.
Always in even numbers because they are in pairs (23 pairs).
Chromatid
: chromosome's twin sister that's made before it does
pembelahan diri
.
Chromosomes are found
inside the nucleus.
Structure of Chromosomes
1 chromosome = 1 double stranded DNA molecule
Different chromosome = different DNA molecule
Histones = DNA coiled
around proteins
Genes
Function of genetic information:
To determine our characteristics
Different genetic = different characteristics
Not all of the DNA molecule will become genes (3%)
Contain instructions that tell our cells to make molecules = protein
Mutation (changes in the DNA) can happen in the genes
Duplication
Deletion
Substitution
Inversions
Genetic mutation occurs in body cells
Mutagens
Ionising radiation
Chemicals
(e.g. gas & nitrous oxide)
Genome
Entire DNA of an organism (presented in diploid cells)
Humans = 3.2 billion base pairs
DNA
Stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Looks like a double helix.
A long molecule in our genes.
Located in the nucleus
DNA consist of 3% genes.
To avoid mutation (changes that happen in the DNA)
Consists of many monomers with nucleic acid as its polymer
DNA STRUCTURE
Nucleic Acid
(a large molecule)
Nucleotide
Phospate
Sugar
Complementary Base
Adenine (A)
(pairs with Thymine)
Thymine (T)
(pairs with Adenine)
Guanine (G)
(pairs up with Cytosine)
Cytosine (C)
(pairs with Guanine)
DNA Conversion
Translation
RNA translated into molecule protein
Has codon
(Another name for mRNA when in the process of a sequence translation)
1 triplet code = 1 amino acid
Only gene that
will be translated
Has anti-codon which is complementary to tRNA
Transcription
Happens in nucleus
Creates template strand of DNA (where mRNA will be formed)
Enzyme called RNA polymerase will help transcription of RNA
Phenotype
Protein -> characteristic
Our body structure is build up of protein too
Proetin is the initial molecule from enzymes and hormones