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SKELETAL SYSTEM Karen Morales Period 6 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Cartilaginous joints are those in which the bones are connected by cartilage. There are two types of cartilaginous joints: synchondroses and symphyses.
        
        In symphyses, the connection between bones occurs through fibrocartilage. ex.intervertebral joints & Pubic symphysis
        
        In a synchondrosis, the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage. ex.temporary epiphyseal plate joints
      - Synovial joints are the only joints that have a space between the adjoining bones that is filled with a fluid. The fluid lubricates the joint, reducing friction between the bones and allowing for greater movement.
        
        TYPES OF MOVEMENTS
        
        Angular movements are produced by changing the angle between the bones of a joint. There are different types of angular movements, including flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.
        
        hyperextension is extension past the normal anatomical position
        
        Abduction occurs when a bone moves away from the midline of the body.
        
        In extension the angle between the bones of a joint increases.
        
        Adduction is the movement of a bone toward the midline of the body.
        
        Flexion occurs when the angle between the bones decreases.
        
        Circumduction is the movement of a limb in a circular motion
        
        Rotation: turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away from it .Medial: rotation toward midline.Lateral: rotation away from midline
        
        Gliding movements occur as relatively flat bone surfaces move past each other.
        
        SPECIAL MOVEMENTS.
        
        Elevation is the movement of a bone upward
        
        Depression involves moving the bone downward
        
        Retraction occurs as a joint moves back into position after protraction. (deals with jaw)
        
        Dorsiflexion is a bending at the ankle such that the toes are lifted toward the knee.
        
        .Protraction is the anterior movement of a bone in the horizontal plane( deals with jaw)
        
        Plantarflexion is pointing toes
        
        Eversion involves moving of the sole of the foot outward, away from the midline of the body.
        
        Supination is the movement of the radius and ulna bones of the forearm so that the palm faces forward or up.
        
        Inversion involves moving the soles of the feet inward, toward the midline of the body.
        
        Pronation the palm faces backward or down.
        
        Opposition is the movement of the thumb toward the fingers of the same hand, making it possible to grasp and hold objects.
      - Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are joined by strong fibrous tissue rich in collagen. These joints allow for very little movement.Three types of fibrous joints.Sutures, Syndesmoses, Gomphoses.
        
        Syndesmoses are joints in which the bones are connected by a band of connective tissue. An example of a syndesmosis is the joint of the tibia and fibula in the ankle.
        
        Gomphoses occur between teeth and their sockets.
        
        Sutures are found only in the skull and possess short fibers of connective tissue that hold the skull bones tightly in place.
- - - - The medullary cavity has a delicate membranous lining called the endosteum, where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur.
        
        BONE REMODELINGbone remodeling consists of both bone deposit and bone resorption. Occurs at surfaces of both periosteum and endosteum. Remodeling units: packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts coordinate remodeling process
        
        Bone Deposit
        
        Bone Deposit:New bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
        
        BONE RESORPTION
        
        Resorption is the breakdown and assimilation of old bone in the cycle of bone growth. Resorption is function of osteoclasts. The process of resorption (remodeling) involves the removal of hard bone tissue by osteoclasts followed by the laying down of new bone cells by osteoblasts.
        
        BONE REPAIR Fractures are breaks
        
        TYPES OF FRACTURES
        
        Spiral Bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion
        
        Epiphysis the epiphysis separates from the diaphysis at the epiphysis plate
        
        Compressionbone is crushed
        
        depression broken bone is pressed inward
        
        Comminuted Several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments
        
        greenstickA partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken the other side bends
        
        1 more item...
        
        Three “either/or” fracture classifications•
        
        Completeness of break.Complete:broken all the way through.Incomplete:not broken all the way through
        
        Whether skin is penetratedOpen(compound):skin is penetrated.Closed(simple):skin is not penetrated
        
        Position of bone ends after fracture. Nondisplaced: ends retain normal position.Displaced: ends are out of normal alignment