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Skeletal System Isabella Vasquez P. 7 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System Isabella Vasquez P. 7
Names of all the bones
Skull - cranium and facial bone
Hyoid bone - supports the tongue and aids in swallowiing
Vertebral column - spine
Thoracic cage - ribs and sterum
Pectoral girdle - clavicle and scapula
Upper limbs - humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
Pelvic girdle - 2 hip bones
Lower bones - femur, patella, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
Types of bones
Long - long with expanded ends ex: arms & leg bones
Short - almost equal in length and width. ex: bones of the wrist and ankles
Sesamoid (round) bones: small nodular bones that develop within a tendon type of short bone. ex: patella
Flat - plate-like shape with broad surface ex: ribs, scapula, & skull bones
Irregular - varied shapes. ex: vertebrae, some facial bones
Anatomy of the long bone
Articular cartilage
Spongy bone
spaces containing red marrow
Compact bone
medullary bone
yellow bone
Epiphyseal lines
Proximal epiohysis
Diaphysis
Distal epiphysis
Bone remodeling
Activation
Resorption
Reversal
Formation
The total process takes about 4 to 8 months and occurs continually throughout out lives
Bone fracture repair
The formation of hematoma at the break
the formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus
the formation of a bony callus
remodeling and addition of compact bone
Joints
Cartilaginous Joints - Intervertebral discs between vertebrae help absorb shock and are slightly movable
Synovial joint - allows free movement
Ball- and - socket ( spheroidal ) joint - widest rang of motion, movement in all planes ( multiaxial)
Condylar (ellipsoidal) joint- back and fourth and side to side movements
Joints between metacarpals and phalanges
Plane (gliding) joint - allows a sliding or twisting movement (nonaxial)
joints of the wrist and ankle and vertebrae
Hinge Joint - movement in 1 plane ( uniaxial) like hinge of a door
flexion and extension
Pivot (trochoid) joint - only rotation around central axis and the atlas
Saddle (sellar) joint - permits s variety of movements, 2 planes (biaxial)
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Flexion - bending parts at a joint, so that the angle between them decreases.
Extension - Straightening parts at a joint, angle between them increases
Lateral Flexion - bending the head, neck, or trunk to the side
Hyperextension - straightening beyond normal anatomical position.
Abduction - moving a body part away from the midline
Adduction - moving a body part toward the midline
Dorsiflexion - ankle movement brings foot closer to shin
Plantar Flexion - ankle movement that moves the foot farther from the shin (points the toes)
Rotation - movement around an axis
circumduction - follows a circular path
Pronation - rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing downward or posteriorly
Supination - palm is facing up ward or anterorly
Inversion - turning the sole (plantar surface) of the foot medially
Eversion - the foot laterally
Protraction - moving a part of the body forward
Elevation - moving backward
Depression - lowering a part of the body
Differences between male and female skeleton
Pelvic girdle - female hip bones are lighter, thinner don't have muscular
Female obturator foramina are triangular
the men's are oval
The female acetabula are smaller and the public are is wider than the males
Pelvic cavity- the females are wider and shorter, more roomier
the distances between the females ischial spines and ischial tuberosities are greater than a male
Sacrum - the female sacrum is wider the sacral curvature is bent more sharply posteriorly than the male
Coccyx - female coccyx is more movable than the male
Disorders
Osteoporosis
rickets
osteomalacia
osteogenesis imperfecta
marble bone disease
fibrous dysplasia