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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Coggle Diagram
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Pathogenesis of COPD?
An inflammatory response that is not normal to particles and gases inhaled into the lungs
Innate and adaptive immune response to long term exposure to noxious particles and gases, in most cases being cigarette smoke with patients.
Irreversible airflow is limited during expiration due to loss of elastic recoil from the lung tissue damage
Incidence/ Prevalence of COPD?
Per year roughly 9 out of every 1000 people develop COPD
Men are more likely to develop COPD as well as long term smokers both male and female.
In the year of 2020 roughly 14.8 million adults were diagnosed with COPD, and it is estimated that 12 million more people had yet to be diagnosed with this disease.
6.4% of the U.S. population has been diagnosed with COPD
It is the 4th leading cause of death
Risk Factors of COPD?
Smoking: majority of COPD cases are attributed to cigarette smoking due to all the chemicals, which are harmful, being inhaled into the lungs that weaken your lungs immune system and impact the air passages and air sacs
Environment: the air quality in the region where people work, live, or spend a lot of their time has a great affect on their health; with poor air quality that can take its toll on the lungs. Long- term exposure to air pollution, dust, fumes and chemicals and even secondhand smoke can increase someone’s risk for developing COPD.
Alpha-1 Deficiency: causes a rare form of COPD related to emphysema formed by a condition that genetically makes the body unable to produce the needed amount of the Alpha-1 protein that helps to protect the lungs
Asthma can increase the risk due to the inflammation it causes and makes the airway smaller
With a family history of COPD it can genetically be passed down as well increasing the chances of development
What is COPD?
A chronic inflammatory lung disease that obstructs the airflow from the lungs.
Clinical Manifestations
Chronis Cough
Dyspnea
Frequent Respiratory Infection
Cyanosis
Fatigue
Increased mucous production in the lungs called phlegm or sputum
Wheezing
Pressure of tightness in chest
Swelling or edema in lower extremities
Unintentional weight loss
Treatments
Patient needs to stop smoking if they do smoke, and avoid secondhand smoke as much as possible to prevent flareups
Medication Therapy
Bronchodilators to relax the lung muscles to help difficulty breathing
Inhaled steroids to help decrease the inflammation of the lungs
Combined inhalers with bronchodilators and an inhaled steroid in it
Oral steroids for more severe exacerbations of COPD
Phosphodieterase-4 inhibitors for patients with severe COPD to decrease inflammation and relax airways
Theophylline is a cheaper option that may help improve breathing and help prevent exacerbations
Antibiotics to treat episodes of COPD caused by respiratory infections
Lung Therapies
Oxygen therapy to increase the amount of oxygen that gets to your lungs to help increase the amount of oxygen in the blood to the organs.
Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program is a combination of education, exercise training, Nutrition advice, and counseling is available to allow patients with COPD to talk to a variety of specialists to figure out what works best for them.
BiPAP machine used in hospital as well at home for patient
Surgeries
Lung volume reduction surgery
Lung Transplant
Bullectomy
Diagnostics
Lung Function Test- the most common of these test is a Spirometry Test that measures how much air the patient inhales and then exhales
Chest X-Ray or a CT Scan to show any emphysema in the lungs
Arterial blood gas analysis to measure how effectively the lungs are working on bringing in oxygen to the blood and removing the carbon dioxide
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency lab test that are often done to patiets with a family history of COPD or develop COPD at a young age
Obtain a health history such as- history of smoking, exposure to chemicals, pollutants, or dust; or experienced shortness of breath, cough with increased secretions (mucous) and a family history of COPD
Works Cited
CDC. (2021, February 22). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved November 19, 2021, from
https://www.cdc.gov/copd/index.html#:~:text=Chronic%20obstructive%20pulmonary%20disease%2C%20or,Americans%20who%20have%20this%20disease
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MacNee, W. (2005, November 4). Pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. Retrieved November 19, 2021, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713323/#:~:text=The%20pathogenesis%20of%20COPD%20is,is%20a%20huge%20individual%20variation
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Mayo Clinic. (2020, April 15). COPD. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved November 19, 2021, from
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/copd/symptoms-causes/syc-20353679
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